notes Bowen 1763

	Research Notes Map Group BOWEN 1763

Bowen 1763
	Map, Hamp Shire ie Hampshire, scale about 4 miles to 1 inch, derived from a map by Thomas Kitchin, by Emanuel Bowen, London, about 1763; published 1763-1828.
	These notes are taken from the Accurate Map of Hamp Shire ie Hampshire, by Emanuel Bowen, published in the Royal English Atlas, London, about 1763. The map is a reduction from the map by Thomas Kitchin, published in the Large English Atlas. The map has been studied from a reproduction of the atlas.

	MAP FEATURES
	THE ROYAL ENGLISH ATLAS
	THE REPRODUCTION ATLAS
	REFERENCES

MAP FEATURES
title cartouche scroll cartouche map maker	Printed upper left in a scroll cartouche decorated with foliage:- AN ACCURATE MAP of HAMP SHIRE Divided into the HUNDREDS. DRAWN from SURVEYS; exhibiting a View of the Cathedral Church of Winchester, with some account of the Diocese, and other Historical Extracts, relative to the Trade, Manufacture &c. of the CITY and principal Towns By Eman: Bowen, Geogr. to His late Majy.
scale line scale	Printed lower right is a scale of:- British Statute Miles chequered and labelled in miles, the first half mile chequered and labelled 1/2, 12 miles long. The map studied is a facsimile, nominally a 1:1 reproduction but this cannot be precisely known. (How useful it would be if reproductions carried a scale line of cm and mm whose reproduced size could be checked against a true measure.) The map scale is roughly:- 4 inches to 1 mile
orientation compass rose up is N	Printed lower left is a simple compass rose aligned on the graticule; circle, star points for cardinal directions, lines for half cardinal, North marked by a fleur de lys, East by a cross. The map is printed with North at the top of the sheet.
lat and long scales lat and long grid	Printed in the map borders are scales of latitude and longitude for a rectangular projection; chequered at 1 minute intervals, labelled at 5 minute intervals. A graticule, latitude and longitude grid, is printed across the map at 5 minute intervals. The bottom scale of longitude is labelled:- West Long: from London Measuring off the map as well as possible:- longitude, Winchester = 1d 8m W suggesting that the prime meridian was about 10 degrees west of Greenwich. The error in the town position might not be small. The ratio of latitude to longitude scales is 1.55, very close to the value, 1.58 at 51d N, to make a 'square' map.
table of symbols	Printed lower right is an:- Explanation [blocks on a street plan, and stars] Buro' Towns, with the Number of Membrs. they send to Parlt. by Stars. [church R, church V, church C] Rectories, Vicarages, & Curacies. [crescent or U on a post] Post Stages. [maltese cross] Charity Schools. [crook symbol] Religious Houses. [number in circle] Distances in Measur'd Miles and Furlongs. N.B. The Market Days are annexed to their respective Towns.
sea area sea plain sandbanks	The sea area is plain, and filled with descriptive texts! Some sea areas are labelled, eg:- ENGLISH CHANNEL Christ Church Bay SOUTHAMPTON WATER and note particularly:- Spit Head and St. Helen's, are the general Rendezvous of the Royal Navy. Some sandbanks are drawn in outline with a dotted line.
coast line coast shaded headlands harbours	The coast line is shaded. Headlands are not noticed, except:- Hengistbury Head Some harbours are labelled, eg:- Keyhaven Lymington Hav. Portsmouth Harb. Langston Harbour
coastal defence castles fortifications	Some of the old coastal defence castles are noticed, marked by a circle and flag, labelled:- Hurst cast. Calshot Cast. South Sea Cast. Angular fortifications are drawn around Portsmouth. An unlabelled circle and flag marks Porchester castle.
rivers	Rivers are drawn by wiggly lines, perhaps double with from lines near their estuary, then single tapering upstream. Some rivers are labelled, eg:- Tees R. Itchen R. Braiding might be shown, as on the Avon around Ringwood, and the Test below Stockbridge. Most of the county's river systems are shown, with a few tributaries. Bridges are implied by a road crossing and interrupting a stream, but few are labelled, eg:- Knights Bridge A pond might be drawn in outline and shaded. It might be labelled, eg:- Wullmoor Pond Fleet Pond is drawn but not labelled.
relief hillocks	Relief is indicated by small hillocks shaded to the east. However, it is difficult to disentangle any pattern of hillocks; they seem to be scattered, equally with tree symbols, all over every empty space in the county area, and across the county borders. There is some labelling, eg:- Buckholt Hills Chilton Downs Winters Hill [N of Bishops Waltham] The labels, if you find them, are more helpful than the symbols.
woods forests trees vegetation	Woodland is indicated by little tree symbols. These are scattered equally with hillocks in all the empty space on the map and across the county borders. They are not informative. Some areas are labelled, which is more helpful, eg:- Chute Forest NEW FOREST Gadshill Wood A few commons etc are labelled, eg:- Botley Com. Parley Common Waltham Chace
parks	Parks are drawn by a ring of fence palings, perhaps containing a tree, or circle for a house. The outline shape has some pretence to reality. The park might be labelled, perhaps by a house name, eg:- Burley Lodge Freemantle Park Hackwood Park Printed on the right is a list of:- Seats of Nobility &c. listing two dozen persons, who were perhaps subscribers to the atlas?
county	The county boundary is a dashed line. Adjacent counties are labelled, eg:- DORSET SHIRE These are not divided, except for a dotted line between Dorset and Wiltshire. Some detail is drawn outside Hampshire, particularly to make sense of roads; and trees and hillocks are added decoratively haphazardly across the county boundary. The detached part of Hampshire in Sussex is not shown on this map. But: the detached part is bounded by a dotted line on the map of Sussex, labelled:- HAMP SH.
hundreds	Hundred boundaries are dotted lines. The hundred areas are labelled, eg:- MICHAELDEVER HUNDRED BISHOPS SUTTON HUND Parts might be labelled with a number, eg:- 4 south of Selborne, which refers to a list printed upper left:- ... 4. Pt. of Barton Stacey ...
settlements street map market days	Settlements are marked by a group of blocks, or a church, or a circle, and labelled in different styles of text.
city	group of blocks on roads making a minimal street map; labelled in upright block caps:- WINCHESTER / Wed & Sat. Southampton is similar, but with italic block caps.

town	group of blocks making a street map of sorts; labelled in upright lowercase text, eg:- Stockbridge / Thur. / a Chap. [2 stars, crescent on post] Ringwood / V / Wed. [crescent on post] Odiham / V / Sat. Alton / V / Sat. [crescent on a post, maltese cross] The attached days are the market days for the town. A town might be marked with stars or asterisks for the number of members it sends to Parliament; a crescent symbol on a post if it is a post stage; a letter, V for vicarage, R for rectory, C for curacy, or just 'a Chapel'; and/or a maltese cross for a charity school.

village	church symbol; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:- Worldham V Chawton / R Burhunt / C using the same letters for the status of the church as for towns.

hamlet	circle; labelled in smaller italic lowercase text, eg:- Hern [N of Headley] Bashley [E of Sopley] This style of lettering is used generally for features on the map.

roads road distances	A network of roads is drawn on the map by double lines, solid or dotted for fenced or unfenced. Side turnings are marked along some roads . The distances between tows might be given by a number in a circle on the road, eg:- 9.6 between Alton and Alresford. There might be an explicit note of the end points, eg:- Basingstoke to / Stockbridge 21.2 otherwise it is not always clear where measurements are to and from. The distances are claimed to be 'Measured Miles'. A road might be named, eg:- Gravel Hill between Liphook and Petersfield. And a junction might be named, eg:- Labcomb Corner just into Wiltshire on the Exeter Road. Road destinations outwith the county are given on a number of roads, eg:- To Pool to Reading to Staines This text might be upside down (To Pool for example) as found on Herman Moll's map, 1724.
miscellaneous	I have not made a thorough search for miscellaneous features. Various interesting features of the county are noticed, none of them in a systematic way.
antiquities roman roads	The road west from Winchester is labelled:- Roman Road to Sarum and a road in the north west of the county, aligned with Salisbury and Silchester,is labelled:- Roman Way
antiquities tumuli	Labelled north east of Exton is:- Stevens Castle which is probably a tumulus on the north part of Stephen's Castle Down, Upham parish.
schools	Charity schools are marked by a maltese cross, for example at Alton, which is Eggars School, and at Odiham.
religious houses	Religious houses are marked by a crook symbol, for example east of Selborne, where was Selborne Priory.
mills windmills	At least one windmill is marked by a post mill symbol, labelled:- Ropley Mill
iron works	By Semley Pond on the Solent coast, not labelled, is:- Furnace for the ironworks there.
posts	Labelled across a road in the New Forest is:- Wilverley Post
descriptive text	Following the style of the map from which this derives (Kitchin 1751 large) there are descriptive texts filling spare space around the county. Harley and Hodson suggest that this feature derives from the use of spare space on the Bowen road strip maps of 1720. There are texts headed:- The County of Southampton WINCHESTER Livings in the City of Winchester The Diocese of Winchester Earls and Dukes of Southampton Seats of Nobility &c. Andover Basing Gosport Kingsclere New Forest Odiham Portsmouth Ringwood Romsey Silchester SOUTHAMPTON Livings on the Town of Southampton Upper Middle & Nether Wallop Weyhill and places on the Isle of Wight.
vignettes	Printed lower left is:- A VIEW of the Cathedral Church of Winchester.
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THE ROYAL	ENGLISH ATLAS
	The atlas title page reads:-
	THE Royal English Atlas: BEING A New and Accurate SET of MAPS OF ALL The Counties of SOUTH BRITAIN, Drawn from SURVEYS, and the best AUTHORITIES; Divided into their respective HUNDREDS, AND EXHIBITING ALL The Cities, Towns, Villages, Churches, Chapels, &c. PARTICULARLY Distinguishing more Fully and Accurately the CHURCH LIVINGS, Than any other MAPS hitherto Published. ADORNED WITH VIEWS of all the CATHEDRALS; AND A Concise DESCRIPTION of each DIOCESE: ILLUSTRATED WITH Historical EXTRACTS relative to the GOVERNMENT, TRADE, MANUFACTURE, and present State of the CITIES, and principal BOROUGHS and MARKET TOWNS: LIKEWISE An Account of the AIR, SOIL, NATURAL PRODUCE, and COMMODITIES of every County. / To the Whole is prefix'd, A General map of ENGLAND and WALES; COMPREHENDING ALL THE DIRECT AND PRINCIPAL CROSS ROADS: With many other Useful Particulars. And regulated by ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS.
	By EMANUEL BOWEN, Geographer to His late MAJESTY, THOMAS KITCHIN, Geographer, and OTHERS.
	The Whole Comprised in FORTY-FOUR SHEET MAPS.
	LONDON: Printed for THOMAS KITCHIN, on Holborn-Hill; ROBERT SAYER, in Fleet-Street; CARINGTON BOWLES, in St. Paul's Church-Yard; HENRY OVERTON, without Newgate; HENRY PARKER and JOHN BOWLES, in Cornhill; and JOHN RYALL, in Fleet-Street.
	The general map shows little more than towns and roads. On this map, printed upper right on a monumental stone, wool sacks and barrels below, scenery to the sides, above on the left a female figure holding a spear and an ?olive branch, on the right fruit and foliage, and in the middle a theodolite on a tripod:-
	An ACCURATE MAP of ENGLAND AND WALES Drawn from all the Particular SURVEYS hitherto Published; Illustrated with many additional IMPROVEMENTS, and Regulated by Numerous ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS: By Eman: Bowen GEOGR. to His late MAJESTY.
	There is a text on the general map:-
	To the Curious
	All the Surveys which have been made in England & Wales for this 40 Years past, have been used in ye Drawing up of this Map, the Effect of which may be easily seen by Comparing this with any former Map of England, especially on the East and West Coasts, as in the Channel. In those parts which have not been Survey'd, we have had recourse to the best Maps & Charts. The Situation of the principal Cities, Towns and Headlands, being adjusted by Astronomical Observations.
	Published in 'The Royal English Atlas: Being A New and Accurate Set of Maps Of All The Counties of South Britain, Drawn from Surveys, and the best Authorities; Divided into their respective Hundreds, And Exhibiting All The Cities, Towns, Villages, Churches, Chapels, &c. Particularly Distinguishing more Fully and Accurately the Church Livings, Than any other Maps hitherto Published. Adorned With Views of all the Cathedrals; And A Concise Description of each Diocese: Illustrated With Historical Extracts relative to the Government, Trade, Manufactures, and present State of the Cities, and principal Boroughs and Market Towns: Likewise: An Account of the Air, Soil, Natural Produce, and Commodities of every County. To the Whole is prefix'd, A General Map of England and Wales; Comprehending All The Direct And Principal Cross Roads: With many other Useful Particulars. And regulated by Astronomical Observations. By Emanuel Bowen, Geographer to His late Majesty, Thomas Kitchin, Geographer, and Others. The Whole Comprised in Forty-four Sheet Maps. London: Printed for Thomas Kitchin, on Holborn-Hill; Robert Sayer, in Fleet-Street; Carington Bowles, in St. Paul's Church-Yard; Henry Overton, without Newgate; Henry Parker, and John Bowles, in Cornhill; and John Ryall, in Fleet-Street,' about 1764.
	The atlas size is 12 x 18 1/2 ins; their are variant title pages listing publishers in different orders. The map is a reduced version of Thomas Kitchin's map published in the Large English Atlas, which was partly based on the Isaac Taylor map of 1759; there is a vignette view of Winchester Cathedral.
	Perhaps published in 'The English Atlas, or a complete set of maps of all the counties of England and Wales, containing all the cities, towns, parishes, rivers, roads, seats, and in general every other particular that is usually sought for or to be found in maps. The whole engraved in the neatest and most accurate manner, from drawings after actual surveys, and other the best authorities, by Thomas Kitchin; Emanuel Bowen, geographer to his majesty; and others. Lond. 1765. 4to. with a general description of the counties, and historical extracts relating to the trade &c. &c.' 1765.
	Published in 'The Royal English Atlas: Being A New And Accurate Set Of Maps Of All The Counties In England And Wales, Drawn From The Several Surveys which have been hitherto published, With A general Map of England, and Wales. From the latest and best Authorities. ... Containing all the Cities, Towns, Villages, and Churches, whether Rectories, Vicarages, or Chapels, many Noblemen's and Gentlemen's Seats, &c. &c. Each Map Is Illustrated With a General Description of the County, its Cities, Borough and Market Towns, the Number of Members returned to Parliament, Parishes, Houses, Acres of Land, &c. And Historical Extracts relative to the Trade, Manufactures, and Government of the Cities, and Principal Towns, and the present State of their Inhabitants, &c. By Emanuel Bowen, Geographer to His Majesty, Thomas Kitchin, and Others. London: Printed for and Sold by Carington Bowles, at his Map and Print Warehouse, at No.69, in St. Paul's Church Yard.' about 1778.
	Published in the same atlas 'Printed for R. Sayer and J. Bennett, map, Sea Chart, and Print-Sellers, in Fleet-Street.' about 1778.
	Published in 'The Royal English Atlas; Being A New and Accurate Set of Maps of all the Counties of South Britain, ... By Emanuel Bowen, Geographer to His late Majesty, Thomas Kitchin, Geographer, and Others. The Whole Comprised in Forty-four Sheet maps. London: Printed and Sold by Robert Wilkinson, at No.58. in Cornhill, Successor to Mr. John Bowles, deceased.' about 1780.
	The new maps include a 'Chart of Distances of all Cities and Chief Towns, 1775'; the Hampshire map is unchanged, with its 1777 date.
	Published in 'The English Atlas; Or, A Set Of Maps Of All The Counties In England And Wales, Drawn From The Best Authorities; Containing All The Cities, Towns, Villages, and Churches, Chapels, Many Noblemen's and Gentlemen's Seats, &c. Each Map Is Illustrated With A General Description of the Borough and Market Towns; The Number of Members Returned to Parliament; Of Land, State Of Inhabitants, Etc., Etc., ... London, Sold by R. Martin, Bookseller, No.47, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's-Inn Fields.' about 1828.
	The 1828 atlas size is 11 1/4 x 18 1/2 ins.
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THE	REPRODUCTION ATLAS
	Bowen, Emanuel & Kitchin, Thomas & Harley, J B (into) & Hodson, Donald (intro): 1971 (facsimile) & 1763: Royal English Atlas: David and Charles (Newton Abbot, Devon):: ISBN 0 7153 5100 1
	The introductory notes to the reproduction atlas give a clear explanation of the genesis of the map. The particular edition of the Hampshire map is dated 1777.
	Map Reduction
	The map in the Large English Atlas was reduced, probably by the use of a pantograph. The reduction was not just mechanical; new decisions were made about what to be shown and labelled, and what descriptive text was given. This is a new map.
	Harley and Hodson give figures for the reduction, from 23 x 17.5 inches to 18.5 x 12 inches, which I fail to understand. The Wiltshire map (which I have to hand) from the Large atlas is on a paper larger than [today's] Imperial size: wxh, sheet = 80.5x59.5cm ie about 32 x 23 or 24 inches. The corresponding map in this facsimile reproduction of the Royal atlas, is wxh, sheet = 57x44.5cm, 22.5 x 17.5 ins. This latter sheet is Demy size, not Royal which is 25 x 20ins, but that might just be a feature of the reproduction printing. Looking at the map size, measured across borders, makes no better sense of their statement on the amount reduction.
	The map size cannot be given exactly as this is a reproduction which is only nominally 1 to 1: wxh, map = 51x41cm.
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REFERENCES
	Bowen, Emanuel & Kitchin, Thomas: 1763: Royal English Atlas: Kitchin, Thomas & Sayer, Robert & Bowles, Carington & Overton, Henry & Parker, Henry & Bowles, John & Ryall, John (London)
	Kitchin, Thomas & Bowen, Emanuel: 1765: English Atlas: (London)
	Bowen, Emanuel & Kitchin, Thomas: 1778: Royal English Atlas: Bowles, Carington (London)
	Bowen, Emanuel & Kitchin, Thomas: 1778: Royal English Atlas: Sayer, R & Bennett, J (London)
	Bowen, Emanuel & Kitchin, Thomas: 1780: Royal English Atlas: Wilkinson, R (London)
	: 1828: English Atlas: Martin, R (London)
also see:-
	related map group -- Kitchin 1751 large
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