notes Stukeley 1723

	Research Notes Map Group STUKELEY 1723

Stukeley 1723
	Map of roman roads through Britain, scale about 55 miles to 1 inch, an outline map of England and Wales with the Antonine Itineraries plotted by William Stukeley, 1723. It was published in A New Description of England and Wales by Herman Moll, and in Itinerarium Curiosum by William Stukeley, both London, 1724. The example studied is in the Map Collection of Hampshire CC Museums Service, item HMCMS:FA2001.171.
	The map shows signs of having been folded in its atlas, cut to make this practical. Its size is: wxh, sheet = 28x33cm; wxh, map = 245x272mm. The notes are made with a strong Hampshire bias; detail in other parts of the map might be ignored.

	MAP FEATURES
	PLACE NAMES
	ANTONINE ITINERARIES
	ROMAN ROADS IN HAMPSHIRE
	PUBLISHING HISTORY
	REFERENCES
	ITEMS in the Collection

	William Stukeley was born 1687. He was an antiquary and author, and became Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries which he shared in founding. He died 1765.

MAP FEATURES
title cartouche picture frame cartouche	Printed upper right is a rectangular cartouche whose exact picture frame style is found on the Hampshire map from Moll's 1724 atlas:- Ingratiam Itinerantium / Curiosorum, ANTONINI / Aug. ITINERARIUM per / BRITANNIAM. / tentavit W. Stukeley 1723. roughly translated as:- In gratitude to curious travellers, the Itineraries through Britain of Antonini Aug., attempted by William Stukeley, 1723. The map is a plot of the Antonine Itineraries on an outline of England and Wales.
orientation up is N	There is no compass rose; the map is printed with north at the top of the page.
lat and long scales scale	The borders have scales of latitude and longitude with the meridians clearly converging up the page. The prime meridian, 0 degrees Longitude, passes through London. There are marks and labelling at 1 degree intervals. The map covers 2 degrees E to 6 1/4 degrees W, 50 degrees to 55 1/2 degrees N; all of England and Wales, the edges of France, Scotland and Ireland. 5 degrees latitude = 227.5 mm gives a scale 1 to 2446557; the map scale is about:- 1 to 2400000 39 miles to 1 inch
scale line scale	A scale of Romana Milliaria is printed upper left, marked and labelled at 10 miles intervals. The 80 roman miles = 52.4 mm giving a scale about:- 39 roman miles to 1 inch. A better estimate of scale can be made from town positions, comparing known town-town distances, using DISTAB.exe. The map scale is about:- 1 to 3500000 55 miles to 1 inch The map maker's miles are a:- roman mile = 1.41 statute miles
sea area sea plain	The sea areas are plain. Some sea areas are labelled, eg:- OCEANUS BRITANNICUS for the English Channel.
coast line coast shaded harbours antiquities	The coast line is shaded for emphasis. The coast line is also tinted; pale green-blue around England and Wales, pale green around France, pink for Scotland and Ireland, and the Isle of Man. Some headlands are noticed, eg:- Dumnoniorum Prom. / Start Pt. where there is a roman place name. Hampshire's harbours are not noticed. Elsewhere some are labelled, eg:- Dubris Portus / Dover Portus Madurni / Aldrington The latter is an example of misinterpretation by Stukeley. It is likely to be Portus Ardaoni thought to be the roman fort at Portchester, Hampshire.
rivers antiquities	Rivers are shown by a wiggly line. Hampshire has the Stour and Avon, Test, Itchin, and perhaps the Rother. Rivers are not labelled, but see:- Tamesis Fl. Sabrina AEstarium at these great river mouths.
antiquities tribal areas	Ancient british tribal areas are not generally noticed. Three areas are labelled, at the edges of roman influence:- CORINAVII DUMNONII in the far south west, and:- OTODINI in the scottish borderlands.
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PLACENAMES
	The roman place names on the map, and their interpretation as contemporary places by William Stukeley in 1723, must not be regarded as 'truth'. More reliable authority is in River and Smith (see references), who believe that Stukeley, for place name interpretation, was:-
	... an inventive romantic who represents a step backwards from the place reached by Camden, Horsley and others. ...
	... alas, was an enthusiastic victim of the spurious De Situ Britanniae of 'Richard of Gloucester'; he [Stukeley] was a prime propagator of this fiction, and by his authority in his otherwise valuable book served to establish the text as part of the canon of our toponymy. ...
	So: beware using place names from this map!
	In most of his place labels Stukeley gives a latin version in italic lowercase, with an English version in upright lowercase beneath it.
settlements antiquities	Settlements are positioned by a circle and most have a pair of towers to indicate a town. Less significant places have no, or smaller, towers. Only settlements along the itineraries are marked. The places in Hampshire are:- Regnum / Ringwood Bragae / Broughton Venta Belgarum / Winchester Trausantum / Southampton Vindoma / Silchester and close around:- Caleva Atrebatum / Farnham Sorbiodunum / Old Sarum Vindogladia / Winborn Spina / Speen Cunetio / Marleborough The place name interpretations MUST be read in conjunction with a more recent authority, eg Rivet and Smith.
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ANTONINE	ITINERARIES
	The
	Itinerarium Provinciarum Antonini Augusti
	are a collection of 225 route descriptions for the roman empire; from the middle east to the west of Portugal and Wales, from north Africa to Scotland. Each itinerary is a list of place names with the distances from stage to stage. It is not clear who Antonini Augusti was. The itineraries are not all of one date. The routes in Britain have elements from the time of Trajan, 98-117, to Diocletian, 284-305; overall the data collection seesm to be in the 3rd century, say from AD214-284.
roman roads	The itineraries are drawn as roads by double lines, tinted yellow. Each road is labelled, if you look carefully, with its number, eg:- ITER XV. and might be named, eg:- VIA ICENIANA / Ikening Street Four of the itineraries cross Hampshire. Their interpretations by Stukeley and by Rivet and Smith are compared in the lists below (my punctuation). Rivet and Smith do have the advantage of 250 years of scholarship and excavation evidence. And still ideas are not settled; the whereabouts of Brige is not agreed, for one instance.
Itinerary 7	Stukeley:- ITER VII. - Londinium; Pontes / Stanes; Caleva Atrebatum / Farnham; Venta Belgarum / Winchester; Trausantum / Southampton; Regnum / Ringwood. Rivet and Smith:- Iter VII - Londinio; Pontibus / Staines; Galleva Atrebatum / Silchester; Venta Belgarum / Winchester; Clausentum / Wickham or Bitterne, Southampton; Regno / Chichester.

Itinerary 13	Stukeley:- ITER XIII. - Isca Leg. II. Aug. / Caerleon; Burnium / Usk; Bescium / Old Town; Ariconium / Kenchester; Cicutio / Stretham; Glevum Colonia / Glocester; Durocorinium Dobunorum / Cirencester; Cunetio / Marleborough; Spina / Speen; Vindoma / Silchester. Rivet and Smith:- Iter XIII - Isca / Caerleon; Burrio / Usk; Blestio / Monmouth; Ariconio / Weston under Penyard; Clevo / Gloucester; Corinio / Cirencester; Durocornovio / Wanborough; Spinis / Woodspeen; Calleva / Silchester.

Itinerary 14	Stukeley:- ITER XIV. - Isca Leg. II. Aug. / Caerleon; Venta Silurum / Caergwent; [cross the Sabrina / Severn]; Trajectus / Oldbury; Abona / Henbury; Aquae Sulis / Bath; Verlucio / Hedington; Cunetio / Marleborough; Spina / Speen; Vindoma / Silchester. Rivet and Smith:- Iter XIV - Isca / Caerleon; Venta Silurum / Caerwent; cross the Severn; Abone / Sea Mills; Traiectus / ? ; Aquis Sulis / Bath; Verlucione / Sandy Lane; Cunetione / Mildenhall; Spinins / Woodspeen; Calleva / Silchester.

Itinerary 15	Stukeley:- ITER XV. - Isca Dumnoniorum / Exeter; Moridunum / Seaton; Durnovaria / Dorchester; Vindogladia / Winborn; Sorbiodunum / Old Sarum; Bragae / Broughton; Venta Belgarum / Winchester; Caleva Atrebatum / Farnham. Rivet and Smith:- Iter XV - Isac Dumnoniorum / Exeter; Moriduno / Sidford; Durnonovaria / Dorchester; Vindocladia / Badbury; Sorbiodoni / Old Sarum; Brige / Ashley; Venta Belgarum / Winchester; Vindomi / Wheatsheaf Inn; Calleva / Silchester.
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ROMAN ROADS	IN HAMPSHIRE
	These notes are about roman roads through Hampshire. They are largely based on the published findings of Ivan D Margary:-
	Margary, Ivan D: 1967 (one volume edn): Roman Roads in Britain: Baker, John (London)
	These notes are plagiarism, and outofdate: but the book has proved quite difficult to track down. These notes are about Hampshire parts of the roads, not the whole of Britain, and simplify the accurate detail of Ivan Margary's descriptions to summaries which are here made handily available. You should get hold of the original book for the full works, and chase up more recent articles. The descriptions here use modern placenames, with roman placenames in brackets, eg:-
	Winchester (Venta Belgarum)
	The route numbers are those of Ivan Margary's book. The itinerary numbers are references to the Antonine Itineraries. The references cited by Ivan Margary are given. It is likely there are [many] more articles published since 1967!
	SOUTH WESTERN ROUTES
	Ivan Margary describes the south western routes from London as a main route from London (Londinium) to Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum), from which radiate roads to Chichester (Regnum), Winchester (Venta Belgarum), Old Sarum (Sorbiodunum), Dorchester (Durnovaria), Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum), Bath (Aquae Sulis), and Gloucester (Glevum). Roads also radiate from Winchester towards Chichester, Bitterne (Clausentum), the New Forest where there were potteries, perhaps to Poole, and to Old Sarum, Cirencester, etc.
London to Silchester	route 4a; 44.5 miles; included in iter VII. from London (Londinium); cross the Thames (Tamesis) at Staines (Pontes), Middlesex; near Bagshot, Surrey where there is a change of alignment; across parts of Berkshire; to Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum), Hampshire. : 1836:: Gentleman's Magazine: vol.106 part 1: p.535- Kempthorne, G A: : : Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Antiquarian Journal: vol.7: p.74- Stukely, W: 1776: Itinerarium Curiosum:: p.205- Margary, Ivan D: : : Antiquarian Journal: vol.19: p.53- Margary, Ivan D: : : Antiquarian Journal: vol.23: p.157-
Silchester to Winchester	route 42a; 22.5 miles; included in iter VII. from Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum), passing near the Wheatsheaf Inn, Popham, to Winchester (Venta Belgarum), Hampshire. Winbolt, S E::: ProcHFC: vol.14: p.241- Winbolt, S E::: ProcHFC: vol.15: p.159- Colt Hoare, Richard, Sir:: Ancient Wilts: Roman AEra: vol.64 Maclauchlan::: Archaeological Journal: vol.8: p.235-
Winchester to Bitterne	route 42b; 9 miles. from Winchester (Venta Belgarum), via Compton and Otterbourne, to a ferry at South Stoneham, to connect to Bitterne (Clausentum) across the Itchen. Crawford, O G S::: ProcHFC: vol.16: p.247-
Winchester to Wickham	route 420; 12.25 miles. from Winchester (Venta Belgarum) via St Catherines Hill and Deacon (Beacon?) Hill then to Wickham, Hampshire. possibly on to Portchester (Portus Adurni).
Chichester to Bitterne	route 421; 27.25 miles; see iter VII. from Chichester (Regnum), West Sussex; through Emsworth, Warblington, Havant, Wickham, to Bitterne (Clausentum), Hampshire. Crawford, O G S::: ProcHFC: vol.16: p.247- Roberts, C B::: ProcHFC: vol.15: p.165-
Otterbourne to Stoney Cross	route 422; 15 miles. from Otterbourne via Chandlers Ford, across the Test, near Cadnam and Castle Malwood, to Little Stoney Cross, Hampshire. The road may have continued towards Ringwood, Hampshire; to connect with a road to Poole, Dorset. Williams-Freeman, J P::: ProcHFC: vol.7: p.34- Smith, H P::: Dorset Field Club Proceedings: vol.65: p.58- Drew, C D, Colonel::: Somerset and Dorset Notes and Queries: vol.19: p.170
Dibden to Lepe	route 423; 7 miles. from Dibden to Lepe, Hampshire. probably continued to join the New Forest road, route 422, near the crossing of the Test. Sanders, I::: ProcHFC: vol.10: p.35-
Stoney Cross to Fritham	route 424; 1.5 miles. from Little Stoney Cross to near Fritham, Hampshire. perhaps continued to Old Sarum (Sorbiodunum), Wiltshire. Crawford, O G S: 1921: Man and his Past: Oxford University Press:: p.176- Piggott, C M::: Prehistoric Society Proceedings: vol.9: p.3, map
Silchester to Old Sarum	Port Way; route 4b; 36.25 miles. from Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum), across Pamber Forest, via Tadley, St Mary Bourne, passing north of Andover, near Quarley Hill camp, Hampshire; to Old Sarum (Sorbiodunum), Wiltshire. continues south west as Ackling Dyke. Colt Hoare, Richard, Sir:: Ancient Wilts: Roman AEra:: p.46- Stevens, J, Dr: 1879:: Journal of the British Archaeological Association: vol.35: p.92- Willis::: Archaeologia: vol.8: p.100- Wright, R P::: Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine: vol.47: p.513-
Winchester to Mildenhall	route 43; 41.5 miles. from Winchester (Venta Belgarum) across Worthy Down, across the Test, near Harewood Forest, past East Anton where it crosses the Port Way, Hatherden, Tangley, part known as Chute Causeway where it deviates to avoid a steep coombe, Hampshire; then to Mildenhall (Cunetio) near Marlborough, Wiltshire. Colt Hoare, Richard, Sir:: Ancient Wilts: Roman AEra:: p.67 Lethieullier::: Archaeologia: vol.1: p.58- Jackson, J E, Canon::: Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine: vol.21: p.237- Arnold, H E B::: Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine: vol.44: p.266-
Winchester to Old Sarum	route 45a; 21.5 miles; included i iter XV. from Winchester (venta Belgarum), across Teg Down, Pitt Down, and Ashley Down, Hampshire; to Old Sarum (Sorbiodunum), Wiltshire. Brige on this route (11 miles from Winchester on the 19 miles route according to iter XV) is not identified for certain. Witherby, C::: ProcHFC: vol.17: p.136- Colt Hoare, Richard, Sir:: Ancient Wilts: Roman AEra:: p.58 Collins, V::: Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine
Silchester to Chichester	route 155. from Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum), Hampshire; to Chichester (Regnum), West Sussex. [HAVE NOT YET SEEN MARGARY'S PAGES FOR THIS]
Silchester to ???	route 160c. from Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum), Hapshire; to ??? [HAVE NOT YET SEEN MARGARY'S PAGES FOR THIS]
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PUBLISHING	HISTORY
	Published in 'Itinerarium Curiosum. Or, an account of the antiquity and remarkable curiositys in nature or art ... By William Stukeley, 1724.'
	Published in 'A New Description of England and Wales, ... By Herman Moll, Geographer. London: ... M.DCC.XXIV.' ie 1724.
	The style of the engraving, particulary the title cartouche, is that of Herman Moll's atlas. Moll's preface says of Stukeley that '... to encourage this Design, [he] presented us with it ...'
	Published in 'A Set of Fifty New and Correct Maps Of England and Wales, &c. ... All, except two, composed and done by Herman Moll, ... 1724.'
	Stukeley's being one of the two. This atlas has plate numbers.

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REFERENCES
	Rivet, A L F & Smith, Colin: 1981: Place-Names of Roman Britain: Batsford:: ISBN 0 7134 2077 4
	Horsley, John: 1723: Britannia Romana: (London)
	Stukeley, William: 1776 (2nd edn): Itinerarium Curiosum: (London)
also see:-
	related group -- Moll 1724

ITEMS	in HMCMS Map Collection (scanned item in bold)
	HMCMS:FA2001.171 -- road map
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