notes Harrison 1788

	Research Notes Map Group HARRISON 1788

Harrison 1788
	Map, Hampshire, scale about 6 miles to 1 inch, drafted by Haywood, engraved by Sudlow, by John Harrison, 115 Newgate Street, London, 1788; published 1791-92.
	These notes are made from a copy of a map of Hampshire by John Harrison, 1788. The map studied is in the Map Collection of Hampshire CC Museums Service, item HMCMS:FA1996.34.
	MAP FEATURES
	OGILBY ROUTES
	PUBLISHING HISTORY
	REFERENCES
	ITEMS in the Collection

MAP FEATURES
title cartouche plain cartouche	The map title is printed in a plain cartouche at the top left:- A MAP OF HAMPSHIRE, ENGRAVED FROM AN ACTUAL SURVEY with Improvements.
map maker engraver	Printed across the bottom is:- Haywood Del Engraved for J. Harrison, 115, Newgate Street, as the Act directs, Decr. 16, 1788. Sudlew Sculp. The draughtsman's name is spelled variously Heywood and Haywood for different maps in the whole atlas.
orientation compass rose	The map has a simple compass rose, just the four cardinal points (N,E,S,W) with north marked by spear head, no letters or words. The N-S line is oriented to but offset from the longitude grid; the E-W line lies along a latitude grid line.
lat and long grid	Latitude and longitude are indicated by a chequered border to the map, numbered at degrees and every 5 minutes, on all four sides of the map. The latitude/longitude grid is drawn on the map. Calculations from the positions of the scale marks show that the ratio of latitude to longitude scales is about 1.55. This is near the necessary value for a 'square' plot, 1.58 at the latitude of Hampshire. Sheared rectangular latitude and longitude scales. The angle of the 1 degree W meridian is about 2.7 degrees E of N and is quite apparent on the map. The 51 degree N parallel is horizontal on the page.
	These figures make no inference about the positions of places on the map. It is likely that Harrison copied a map and applied lat and long scales to it. No attempt has been made to see how well he fitted the scales. Both Kitchin 1751 large and Harrison 1788 might have been copied from the same source map. Their lat and long scales can be overlaid, using computer graphics, and look almost identical.
scale line scale	There is a scale line: 12 miles, chequered in miles, numbered 1..12, labelled:- English Statute Miles, 69 1/2 to a Degree. Assuming a modern mile the map scale would be about:- 1 to 300000 5 miles to 1 inch But a better estimate of the map scale can be got from town positions, comparing to known town-town distances using DISTAB.exe. The map scale is about:- 1 to 370000 6 miles to 1 inch
index grid	This map has no index grid. Calculations have been made to overlay the National Grid system on the map. For details, and how this grid can be used compare early county maps, and to index places, see:-
	Old Hampshire Mapped
	By comparing the headings of the towns from the centroids, and averaging, it is calculated that NGR north is 3.4 degrees from map north.
	The grid references of the map borders were calculated as:- bottom left SY859640 top left ST800616 top right TQ161698 bottom right TV219722
	This could be useful to present the map in a GIS system.
sea area sea plain	The sea is plain.
coast line coast form lines	The coast is drawn with form lines.
coastal defence castles	Most of the coastal defence castles are marked on Harrison's map:- Hurst Castle Calshot Castle Netley Cast St Andrews Cas Worth Cast. Sth. Sea Castle And two military defensive fortifications in the Portsmouth area are shown. Cosham Fort at the crossing from the mainland to Portsea Island; and the fortifications around Portsmouth dockyard. The map is far too small to show the exact layouts, but the distinctive zigzag shape of the walls of an artillery fort, polygonal wall, bastions and ditches, is clearly suggested. This style of fortification with ditches, bastions, etc was developed in the 16th to 18th centuries and became obsolete during the 19th century. Note that the fortifications face landwards. They are there to protect the Royal Navy's dockyard from an invading force from landward.
rivers bridges	Rivers are drawn by wiggly lines; some named, eg:- Avon R Beauley R Oux R Most of Hampshire's major rivers are shown, but coverage does not appear to be entirely systematic. There are some little streams shown which could have been left out, and some not shown which could have been included. Many road river crossings are drawn, but it is not clear that a bridge, rather than a ford, is implied. At Winchester it looks like a bridge.
relief hillocks	Hills are drawn by little lumpy hillocks.
beacons	Beacons are shown by a tower on a hill with flames coming from the top. Harrison shows only two beacons; this is two centuries after the Armada, the beacon system is no longer important. This map, 1788, is just a few years too early to show the new telegraphs, shutters in 1796 then semaphores in 1812, being organised by the Admiralty for signalling between London and Portsmouth.
forests woods trees	Forests and woods are drawn by groups of small tree symbols; circle and trunk.
parks	Parks are shown by a ring of fence palings, usually with trees. The shape is not just a conventional circle, but attempts to show the shape of the park Some parks are named, eg:- Tremanton Park Idlesworth Park
county	The county boundary is a dotted line. In the example studied the boundary has been coloured pink, plus different colour for each adjacent county.
hundreds table of hundreds	The hundred boundaries are drawn by a dotted line. A table of hundreds is printed at one side, keyed to areas on the map by numbers. Detached parts of hundreds are explicitly labelled. Reference to the Hundreds. No. 1 Christ Church ... Hundred 2 Ringwood ... Do. 3 New Forest ... Do. etc The Bosmere/Portsdown hundred boundary is unclear on the map; it probably continues down the river to the coast. Similarly the hundred boundary between New Forest/Christchurch probably follows down the river to the coast.
settlements	Settlements are marked by 2x1 rectangular blocks, ie buildings. The grading of settlements is uncertain, but you can try to judge from the sizes of block symbols and the type of text used for the name.
city	blocks along a road; labelled in upright block caps, eg:- WINCHESTER

town	blocks along a road; labelled in upright lowercase text, eg:- Alresford / Thu.

village	L shape block, ie a church?; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:- Upr. Wallop or, blocks along a road; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:- Badsley

hamlet	simple block; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:- Prestrow The symbol may be just a house Bear Ho.

castle	two towers etc, eg:- Odiham Castle

market days	The market day is printed alongside some of the towns on the map, eg:- WINCHESTER W & Sat Fareham Wed.
roads	Harrison's map shows a network of roads drawn by double lines. The roads are graded; more important roads are drawn wider and have one line bold, lesser roads are narrower. On the map studied the main routes are coloured yellow, the minor routes left plain. There are numerous roads; the density of both major and minor roads is worth consideration. There are some apparent oddities. The road SE from Andover meets the River Test distinctly offset from what looks like its continuation towards Winchester. What is missing is the zigzag of the [current] B3420 alongside, across, between braids, across, and alongside the Test in its broad valley. How this leaves the 18th century traveller we can only guess; confident that there's bound to be a way across?
Route diagram:-
Route diagram:-

canals	Although Harrison is aware of canals, they are mentioned in the introduction to his atlas, they are not shown on this map.
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OGILBY ROUTES
	Harrison show numerous roads on his map of Hampshire. As the route maps published by Ogilby one hundred years earlier, 1675, are of particular interest a superficial comparison between Ogilby's routes and Harrison's roads has been be made; there is not enough accurate detail to allow close matching. Ogilby's routes are referred to by their plate numbers; routes 25, 26, 30, 32, 39, 51, 53, 81, 83, 97.
Ogilby 25	This route can be followed, roughly, as a major road entering from Surrey at Blackwater, via Hertford Bridge, to Basingstoke, continuing through Laverstoke to Whitchurch. From Whitchurch a minor road through Down Husborn shows Ogilby's route while Harrison's major road goes further south.
Ogilby 26	On Harrison's map this route leaves Andover as a major road via Abbotts Anne going SW to the Wiltshire border. The road goes through Middle wallop, between Lower (ie Nether) and Upper Wallop, whereas Ogilby's route goes through Nether Wallop.
Ogilby 30	This route appears as a major road entering from Surrey near Liphook, through Petersfield, southwards via Harndon, crossing to Portsea Island at Cosham. The major road continues all the way to Portsmouth.
Ogilby 32	This route shows as a minor road from Andover, via Monkston and Quarley to the Wiltshire border. Harrison's equivalent starts more northerly to Weyhill before turning SW.
Ogilby 39	This route can be followed as a major road from Petersfield westwards through Langridge and Bramdam, to Winchester. How close Ogilby and Harrison are across Magdalen Down is hard to tell.
Ogilby 51	This route appears as a major road entering from Farnham, Surrey, via Bentley, to Alton. From Alton it can only be followed as a minor road to Alresford. From here it appears as a major road via Morested but missing Twyford, crossing the Itchin near Albrook House, and entering Southampton from the NE. The continuation back northwards to Rumsey is shown as a major road.
Ogilby 53	The first part of this route SW from Basingstoke is followed by one or other minor roads but is picked up by a major road through Cranborn on to Stockbridge. Starting out from Stockbridge as a major road it is shown as a minor road going on SW to cross the Wiltshire border.
Ogilby 81	This route shows as a major road entering from Berkshire across the Auborn River near Kingsclere, before turning SE to Basingstoke. A major road seems to follow the route to Alton, then Petersfield, then E to the Surrey border.
Ogilby 83	This route has a small segment in Hampshire, shown by a minor road through South Tidworth.
Ogilby 97	This route is drawn as a minor road from Alresford to Winchester across Magdalen Down. From Winchester it appears as a major road through Hursley, to Rumsey, then SW via Ragged Row and Malwood to Ringwood, and from there to the Dorset border. The extra part of route 97 from Poole eastwards to Christchurch, them Lymington, shows as a major road. The extra part of route 97 from Southampton northwards to Winchester, entering via St Cross, also shows as a major road.
	A comparison to Ogilby's routes can be found in:-
	Old Hampshire Mapped
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PUBLISHING	HISTORY
	Published in 'Maps of the English Counties with the Subdivisions of Hundreds, Wapontakes, Lathes, Wards, Divisions, &c. To which are add two folio pages of Letter-Press, to face each Map; descriptive of the extent, boundaries, rivers, lakes, canals, soil, mines, minerals, curious plants, husbandry, and every curiosity that is nearly connected with the maps. The whole containing the most useful, entertaining, and instructive selection of the kind, that has yet appeared at the price of 3l. 3s. London: Printed by and for John Harrison, No.115, Newgate-Street, M,DCC,XCI.' ie 1791.
	The atlas has a title page, a list of 'The Distances from Place to Place in Miles, on the Principal and cross Roads in England and Wales; with the Situation of each Gentleman's Seat.'; the atlas size is 20 1/2 x 16 ins.
	Published in second edition, price 2l. 2s., 1792.
	Published in a 'General and County Atlas ...', 1815.
	Harrison earlier published 'The Atlas to Accompany Rapin's History of England', 1784-89, which may have had a map relevant to Hampshire.
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REFERENCES
	Harrison, John: 1791 & 1792: Maps of the English Counties: (London)
	Norgate, Martin & Norgate, Jean: 1997: Notes from Harrison's Map of Hampshire: Hampshire County Council Museums Service:: ISBN 1 85975 160 1
also see:-
	Old Hampshire Mapped
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ITEMS	in HMCMS Map Collection (scanned item in bold)
	HMCMS:FA1988.3 -- map
	HMCMS:FA1993.14 -- map
	HMCMS:FA1996.34 -- map
	HMCMS:FA1997.113 -- map
	HMCMS:FA1997.119 -- descriptive text
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