notes Reynolds 1860

	Research Notes Map Group REYNOLDS 1860

Reynolds 1860
	Geological map, Hampshire, scale about 8 miles to 1 inch, published 1860 in 'Reynolds's Geological Atlas of Great Britain'; published 1860-1904
	The underlying map is from the plate engraved by John Emslie, published by James Reynolds, 174 Strand, London, 1848.
	Reynold's Geological Map of Hampshire, 1860 is coloured from the 1848 map and is plate 15 from the atlas. The example studied is in the Map Collection of Hampshire CC Museums Service, item HMCMS:FA2000.57.
	The map's size is: wxh, sheet = 25.5x18.5cm; wxh, map = 229X170mm.

	MAP FEATURES
	GEOLOGY
	PUBLISHING HISTORY
	REFERENCES
	ITEMS in the Collection

MAP FEATURES
title map maker	Printed upper left:- HAMPSHIRE Printed at the bottom is:- London: Published by James Reynolds & Sons, 174, Strand
index map	The map has overlying grid of lines which show the coverage of the government's geological survey maps. The sheets are numbers 14, 12, 8, 15, 11, 9, 16, and 10, as shown by an inset diagram, labelled:- Index to Sheets of Geological Ordce. Map. These are the sheet numbers of the first edition, the Old Series, 1 inch to 1 mile OS maps. What has been since 1845 a separate organisation, the Geological Survey, started as a department of the Ordnance Survey, 1839 (?), after earlier false starts. The early geological maps were based on the OS 1 inch sheets.
orientation north point up is N	Printed upper left below the title is a north point; N-S line, North marked by an arrow, and E-W cross line.
scale line scale	There is a scale line of ENGLISH MILES The line is chequered at 1 mile intervals. 14 miles = 43.9mm, giving a scale of 1 to 513230. The map scale is about 1 to 510000 8 miles to 1 inch.
table of symbols	The map has a minimal table of symbols headed:- RAILWAYS showing:- Open Station [continuous line, rectangular block] Constructing [unfilled double line] It is strange at first that a geological map has this explanation but no explanation of the numbering and colouring of the geological areas. The geology is an addition to an existing map of roads and railways, published 1848 at an exciting stage in the 'railway age'.
sea area sea plain	The sea are is plain; some sea areas are labelled, eg:- THE SOLENT Southampton Water Stokes Bay
coast line harbours headlands	The coast line is not emphasised. A few headlands are noticed, eg:- Hengistbury Head Some harbours are labelled, eg:- Portsmouth Harbour Chichester Harbour though the latter label is on Langstone Harbour by mistake.
rivers bridges	Rivers are drawn with a double line shaded horizontally until it narrows to a wiggly line. The broad reaches far inland, not just the estaury; for instance, the Test is broad up to Leckford. Rivers are mostly unlabelled, but see:- R. Avon Bridges are not drawn, but implied by roads crossing and interrupting rivers.
woods forests	Woods are mostly not shown. But:- NEW FOREST is labelled.
parks	A few parks are drawn in outline (no fence palings). For example near Northington and near Herriard.
relief	Relief is not indicated.
geology	The map shows solid geology; geological ares are coloured and numbered. Notes below. Some fossil find sites are labelled:- EOCENE FOSSILS ABUNDANT west of Barton on the coast. There is at least one comment about prehistoric finds revant to drift geology:- FLINT IMPLEMENTS IN DRIFT AT ST. MARY BOURNE
county	The county boundary is a dashed line. Adjacent counties are labelled, eg:- WILTSH. but their boundaries are not drawn. The detached part of Hampshire in West Sussex is shown. Some main roads, railways, and settlements are shown outside the county for the sake of continuity. Geological data stops at the boundary.
settlements distances from London	Settlements are shown either by groups of blocks on streets, in some instances making tiny street plans, or just by a plus sign, ie a cross for a church?
city	groups of blocks on streets; labelled in upright block caps, eg:- WINCHESTER / 62

town	groups of blocks on streets; labelled in italic block caps, eg:- ANDOVER / 63 SOUTHAMPTON / 74 - or - groups of blocks on streets; labelled in upright lowercase text, eg:- Romsey / 73 Alton / 47 It is possible that the different treatment signifies a different electoral status? The figures are the distance from London.

village	cross, or plus sign; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:- Lr Wallop Clanfield

electoral data	The boundary of the two electoral divisions of Hampshire is a thin dotted line. (I think.)
roads	A network of roads is drawn by double line over the whole county. There are at least two grades of road: broad double line, bold light; narrow double line, light light. They are not perfectly easy to distinguish.


Route diagram:-

railways	Railways are drawn by bold lines. Stations are marked by a bold rectangular spot. These are more prominent than is necessary for a gelogical map; but it must be remembered that the geology is added to an existing map that specifically advertised its coverage of roads and railways. Lines under construction are meant to be shown by a double line; the bold line without its fill. This is according to the table of symbols. In practice the lines in progress seem to be alternately filled/unfilled lines, for example around Whitchurch.
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GEOLOGY
	This is a geological map, other material is secondary. Geology is indicated by coloured and numbered areas. (The map colourist has made a coloured blot north of the county near Newbury: to be ignored.) There is no table of explanation to this data; That might be part of the preface material for the ?atlas.
	Interpretation of the map's geology are provided by Dave Kemp, HMCMS Keeper of Geology:-
	The map shows solid geology, the underlying rocks, not the surface or drift geology. The numbered areas are:-
3 - pale brown	Upper Eocene period; on the Isle of Wight, Lower Oligocene
4 - greenish grey	Middle Eocene period
5 - brown	Lower Eocene period
6 - pale green	Upper Cretaceous period, say ; Chalk rocks
7 - green	Upper Cretaceous period; Upper Greensands and Gault rocks
8 - blue green	Lower Cretaceous period; Lower Greensand rocks
9 - green	Lower Cretaceous period; Wealden rocks
	(The Eocene period is about 36-56 million years ago; the Creaceous about 65 to 145 million years ago.)
	The captions about fossils reflect Victorian knowledge of these sites. Eocene fossils are still abundant on the Hampshire coast at Barton-on-Sea. The note of flint implements pertains to drift not solid geology, and doesn't really belong on this map.
	(Current sheet numbering of Geologial Maps for Hampshire are numbers: 267, 268, 283, 284, 285, 299, 300, 301, 314, 315, 316, 329, 330, and 331.)
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PUBLISHING	HISTORY
	Published by James Reynolds, 174 Strand, London, 1848, published 1860 in 'Reynolds's Geological Atlas of Great Britain, comprising a series of Maps in which the Roads, Railways, and geological features of England and wales are accurately laid down: with a Geological Map of Scotland ... London: Published by James Reynolds, 174, Strand, 1860.
	The atlas has title page, list of maps, and text about the geology of Britain, and the maps; its size is 5 x 7 1/2 ins.
	Published in a new edition 'Reynolds's Geological Atlas of Great Britain; comprising a series of maps geologically colored, preceded by a description of the Geological structure of Great Britain, and the Geological features of the several counties of England & Wales, mineral products &c; with sections and views. New edition. London. Published by James Reynolds, 174, Strand. 1864.
	The map is reduced by removal of the outer border lines and imprints, the plate number is now in the border, bottom right; the atlas size is 5 x 6 1/4 ins.
	Published in a 3rd edition, 1889.
	The 3rd edition text has more information, lists fossils in each stratum, and has a tourist guide.
	Published in a Geological Atlas of Great Britain, by H B Woodward, published by Stanford, London, 1904.
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REFERENCES
	Reynolds, James: 1860 & 1864 & 1889: Reynolds's Geological Atlas of Great Britain: (London)
	Woodward, H B: 1904: Geological Atlas of Great Britain: Stanford (London)
also see:-
	related map group -- Reynolds 1848
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ITEMS	in HMCMS Map Collection (scanned item in bold)
	HMCMS:FA2000.57 -- geological map
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	All Old Hampshire Mapped Resources