notes Tunnicliff 1791

	Research Notes Map Group TUNNICLIFF 1791

Tunnicliff 1791
	A New Map of Hampshire, scale about 3 miles to 1 inch, by William Tunnicliff, land surveyor, Salisbury, Wiltshire, 1791.
	Published in 'A TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE COUNTIES OF HANTS, WILTS, DORSET, SOMERSET, DEVON, AND CORNWALL, Commonly called the WESTERN CIRCUIT. ... By WILLIAM TUNNICLIFF, LAND-SURVEYOR. SALISBURY: ... M,DCC,XCI' ie 1791. This road book is in the Map Collection of Hampshire CC Museums Service, item HMCMS:FA1999.72. The map of Hampshire is item HMCMS:FA1999.72.2.
	A New Map of the Western Circuit of England by W. Tunnicliff 1791 is pasted in the road book, item HMCMS:FA1999.72.1. The map includes Cornwall, Devonshire, Somersetshire, Dorsetshire, Wiltshire and Hampshire. The notes here only concern Hampshire.

	HAMPSHIRE MAP FEATURES
	WESTERN CIRCUIT MAP FEATURES
	TUNNICLIFF'S ROAD BOOK
	WILLIAM TUNNICLIFF, MAP MAKER, 1780s-90s
	REFERENCES
	ITEMS in the Collection
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HAMPSHIRE	MAP FEATURES
map maker title	Printed at lower left is:- A New Map of HAMPSHIRE, by Willm. Tunnicliff, Land Surveyor. 1791. The road book from which the map is taken gives his place of business as Salisbury, Wiltshire. No trace has yet been found of him in directories for that period in that area.
orientation north point	The map has a north point with a cross line. North is marked by a fleur de lys; the other cardinal points are labelled 'E', 'S', 'W'.
lat and long scales hours from Greenwich	There are latitude and longitude scales in the four borders of the map. They are chequered at 1 minute intervals, labelled at 10 minute intervals. The longitude scale is labelled:- West Longitude from Greenwich The scales are rectangular on the page.
scale line scale	There is a scale line of 10 miles chequered in miles, length 80.4mm. The scale calculated from this is about 1 to 200167; the map scale is about:- 1 to 200000 3 miles to 1 inch Another estimate of scale can be made from town positions, comparing known town-town distances using DISTAB.exe. The map scale is about:- 1 to 200000 3 miles to 1 inch
index grid	This map has no index grid. Calculations have been made to overlay the National Grid system on the map. By comparing the headings of the towns from the centroids, and averaging, it is calculated that NGR north is 1.1 degrees from map north.
	The grid references of the map borders were calculated as:- bottom left SZ001680 top left ST982720 top right SU942737 bottom right SZ961698
	This could be useful to present the map in a GIS system.
table of symbols	There is a table of symbols:- EXPLANATION which shows the signs for:- Market Towns Villages Gentlemen's seats Turnpike Roads Borders of the County Ditto of the Hundreds Parks Notice the useful distinction between great houses and villages.
sea area sea plain sandbanks	The sea is plain. South of the Isle of Wight is labelled:- ENGLISH CHANNEL The Solent is labelled:- THE INNER PASSAGE (ie The Solent) And other sea areas are:- CHRISTCHURCH BAY SOUTHAMPTON WATER A couple of sandbanks are marked north of Cowes.
coast line coast form lines harbours headlands	The coast is drawn with a bold line plus form lines which extend into harbours and river estuaries. Only a couple of harbours are labelled:- Portsmouth Harbour Langstone Harbour The only headland labelled is:- SPITHEAD
rivers	Rivers are hardly shown on the map. Estuaries of Stour and Avon, Test, Itchen, and Hamble are drawn but none are extended inland. The map is basically a route map, not intended as a topographical map, and perhaps by this late date rivers are of small concern. There is nothing for rivers in the table of symbols. Rivers elsewhere, eg on the north and east borders of the county are not drawn. Bridges seem to be taken for granted; or at least the feasibility of crossing rivers is. At various places a road is interupted by a river estuary, eg at Redbridge and at Christchurch. But, it seems to be assumed that this is not a barrier in the route.
relief hill hachuring	Some relief is shown by hill hachuring. For example, the downs near the Wiltshire border by Amesbury, and the long ridge of Portsdown. The relief shown is neither an overall guide to the shape of the county, nor a consistent guide to problems the traveller might meet.
beacons	A beacon? or something, is drawn at Farley Mount west of Winchester.
woods forests	Wood and forests are not shown except by some labelling, eg:- NEW FOREST FOREST OF EAST BERE
parks	Parks are shown by a ring of fence palings enclosing a pecked area. The great house within, a Gentleman's Seat, has its own symbol, a small square. Either house or park might be labelled, eg;- Husborne Park Iver Lodge A seat may not have a park drawn round it.
county	The county boundary is a dashed line. the contiguous counties are labelled, eg:- PART OF WILTSHIRE
hundreds	A hundred boundary is a dotted line; and each hundred is labelled, eg:- EVINGAR HUNDRED Pt. of Barton Stacey Hundred
settlements	Settlements are marked on the map within the county; plus a very few places outside, eg Salisbury. The symbols are graded for size of place.
city	buildings and tower; labelled in upright block caps, eg:- WINCHESTER

town	building and tower, ie a church symbol; labelled in lowercase upright text, eg:- Fordingbridge

village	circle; labelled in lowercase italic text, eg:- Worldham

house	A gentleman's seat has its own symbol, a square. This is used with or without a park fence. Places on or by a road are included. It is possible for a seat and a village to share a label, for example at Gruell (Greywell).

roads turnpike roads	According to the table of symbols the roads shown are turnpike roads. They are drawn with a double line. Some care is taken by the engraver to draw road junctions clearly. The destination of roads leaving the county is usually labelled, eg:- to London from Devizes 'to' and 'from' do not seem to be used in a significant way? The labelling is missed in places, for example the road going to Chichester from Havant. Near Farnham none of the roads to it are labelled, but it is quite obvious where they point.

Route diagram:-

antiquities roman roads	Some roman roads are shown, labelled:- Port Way Icknield Way Roman Way The last is that west from Winchester; the usage of capital letters at this period does not allow the assumption that this is a road name.
canals	Two canals are drawn, by a bold curvy line, labelled:- Canal to the River Wey Canal for the Basingstoke Canal which has its branch north, and the Andover Canal.
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WESTERN	CIRCUIT MAP FEATURES
title map maker	The map originator is given by the book title page. On the map, lower right, is:- A NEW MAP of the WESTERN CIRCUIT of ENGLAND, by W. Tunnicliff. 1791.
orientation north point	The map has a north point with a cross line. North is marked by a fleur de lys; the other cardinal points are labelled 'E', 'S', 'W'.
scale line scale	There is a chequered scale line of 30 miles, length 49.2mm. The scale calculated from this is 1 to 981307; the map scale is about:- 1 to 980000 15 miles to 1 inch
lat and long scales	There are latitude and longitude scales in three borders of the map (the fourth border is tucked in the spine). They are chequered at 10 minute intervals, labelled at 20 minute intervals. Degrees are labelled in roman caps. The longitude scale is labelled:- West Longitude
sea area sea plain	The sea area is plain. Some sea areas are labelled, eg:- Christchurch bay Spithead
coast line coast form lines harbours	The coast is drawn with a bold line and form lines. These extend into harbours, and into river estuaries, which are exagerated.
rivers	Rivers are not drawn any further inland than their estuaries.
relief hill hachuring	No relief is shown in Hampshire. In Somerset the Mendip Hills are drawn by hachuring and named; in Wiltshire some of the edge of Salisbury Plain is hachured.
woods forests	In Hampshire is labelled:- NEW FOREST
county	Each county is outlined by a dashed line and labelled, eg:- HAMPSHIRE
settlements	Only larger settlements are maraked, towns on the roads - this is a road map, not a general topographical map. All towns have the same symbol, building and tower, ie a church symbol. Major towns are labelled in upright block caps, eg:- WINCHESTER PORTSMOUTH Smaller towns have lowercase upright, eg:- Odiham
roads	Roads are drawn by a single line. Going out of Hampshire to the west the roads continue on their way; going north or east, out of the range of the map, the destination of the road is labelled, eg:- to London from Oxford The roads on this general map do not exactly match what is drawn on the county sheet.
antiquities roman roads	A roman road might be labelled, eg:- Roman Road [the Portway] Roman Way [the Icknield Way] perhaps named, eg:- Fossway in Somerset.
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TUNNICLIFF'S	ROAD BOOK
	TITLE PAGE
	'A TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY OF THE COUNTIES OF HANTS, WILTS, DORSET, SOMERSET, DEVON, AND CORNWALL, Commonly called the WESTERN CIRCUIT. CONTAINING An accurate and comprehensive DESCRIPTION of all the PRINCIPAL DIRECT AND CROSS ROADS IN EACH RESPECTIVE COUNTY. In which the Situations of all the TOWNS, VILLAGES, NOBLEMEN'S and GENTLEMEN'S SEATS, NAVIGABLE RIVERS, CANALS, &c. upon and in the Vicinity of each Road, are particularly expressed, and their relative / Distances exactly ascertained. EMBELLISHED WITH NEW AND ELEGANTLY ENGRAVED MAPS of the several COUNTIES, taken from ACTUAL SURVEYS, And laid down with great ACCURACY on a large SCALE. ALSO A general MAP of the WESTERN CIRCUIT. And many Hundreds of Elegant ENGRAVINGS of the ARMS of the SUBSCRIBERS, Arranged in a Manner entirely New, and neatly finished by an eminent Artist. LIKEWISE COPIOUS AND COMPLETE indexes of all the Roads, Exhibiting at one View the several STAGES, PRINCIPAL INNS, FAIRS, and other Objects of Note thereon. TO WHICH ARE ADDED, Accurate TABLES of the Distances from Town to Town, in each County, ... By WILLIAM TUNNICLIFF, LAND-SURVEYOR. SALISBURY: ... M,DCC,XCI' ie 1791
	DISTANCE TABLE
	At the beginning of the book's chapter for Hampshire is:-
	AN INDEX TABLE OF THE DISTANCES FROM TOWN TO TOWN, One and all from each Other, IN THE COUNTY OF HANTS, AND Additionally extended out of the County TO Weymouth, Plymouth, Falmouth, Bristol, Bath, Birmingham, Oxford, and LONDON.
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WILLIAM	TUNNICLIFF, MAP MAKER, 1780s-90s
	Not much is known about William Tunnicliff; he was a land surveyor and map maker, and perhaps knew something about farm management and accountancy.
	About 1787 he was based in Manchester, and between 1786 and 1791 produced maps of eleven counties from Lancashire down to Gloucestershire, and the south west of England from Cornwall eastwards to Hampshire. Although the some maps were sold as sheets, they were probably intended to accompany written county descriptions. A survey of Lancashire, Cheshire and Staffordshire was published at Nantwich, Cheshire, 1787. These, plus three more counties, Somerset, Gloucestershire, and Worcestershire, were published at Bath, Somerset, 1789. The last volume was of the Western Circuit, Hampshire, Wiltshire, Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall, published at Salisbury, Wiltshire, 1791. But Tunnicliff is not included in the Universal British Directory anywhere in Wiltshire, 1791-98; nor yet found in other early Wiltshire directories.

	Even in 1787, advertising in his first county survey, William Tunnicliff was clearly unsettled in his work:-
	Wanted, by the Author, W. TUNNICLIFF ... the place of a steward to a nobleman or gentleman, where an intire management, on a large plan, in that capacity, is required ... no objection to go to Ireland, or any part of England ...
	expressing himself to be happy also with the position as clerk to a merchant or manufacturer.
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REFERENCES
	Chandler, John: 1998: Printed Maps of Wiltshire: Wiltshire Record Society:: ISBN 0 901333 29 8 Smith, David: 1989: Maps of Wiliam Tunnicliff, reluctant county map maker: Journal of the International Map Collector's Society: vol.8: pp.19-27
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ITEMS	in HMCMS Map Collection (scanned item in bold)
	HMCMS:FA1999.72 -- road book
	HMCMS:FA1999.72.1 -- map
	HMCMS:FA1999.72.2 -- map
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	All Old Hampshire Mapped Resources