notes STANFORD 1904

	Research Notes Map Group STANFORD 1904

Stanford 1904
	Stanford's Geological Atlas of Great Britain and Ireland, by Horace B Woodward, was published by Edward Stanford, 12-14 Long Acre, London, 1904. The atlas studied is the 3rd edn 1914 in the Map Collection of Hampshire CC Museums Service, item HMCMS:FA2002.654. Two of the maps are also studied:-

	The Geological Map of Hampshire, item HMCMS:FA2002.654.15 The map is colour printed. The map size is: wxh, sheet = 24.5x18.5cm, trimmed too closely in rebinding; wxh, map = 239x181mm.
	The Geological Map of Great Britain, item HMCMS:FA2002.654.1 The map is colour printed. The map size is: wxh, sheet = 12x18.5cm; wxh, map = 100x166mm. the mapping extends beyond the map borders. Remember that these notes are biased towards Hampshire interest.

	GEOLOGICAL MAP OF HAMPSHIRE - FEATURES
	HAMPSHIRE GEOLOGY INCLUDING TRAIN JOURNEYS
	GEOLOGICAL MAP OF GREAT BRITAIN - FEATURES
	GEOLOGICAL ATLAS - TITLE & PREFACE
	GEOLOGICAL ATLAS - GEOLOGY
	ITEMS in the Collection
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GEOLOGICAL MAP	OF HAMPSHIRE - FEATURES
title map maker publisher	Printed upper left:- HAMPSHIRE Printed at the bottom:- [London: Edward Stanford, Ltd., 12, 13, & 14, Long Acre, W.C.] partly trimmed off.
scale line scale	Printed upper,left is a scale of:- ENGLISH MILES chequered at 1 mile intervals, labelled at 2 mile intervals. The 14 miles = 43.8 mm gives a scale 1 to 514402. The map scale is about:- 1 to 510000 8 miles to 1 inch
sea area sea plain	The sea area is plain; a few sea areas are labelled, eg:- THE SOLENT Southampton Wr.
coast line headlands harbours	The coast line is unemphasised. A few headlands are noticed, eg:- Hengistbury Head and some harbours are labelled, eg:- Portsmouth Harb.
rivers	Most rivers are drawn by wiggly line tapering inland, a wide river, the Avon and Test for examples, is drawn by a double line with shading. Some braiding might be indicated, as on the Avon. A few rivers are labelled, eg:- R. Avon Blackwater R. The map does not give comprehensive coverage of the major river systems of the county.
woods forests	Wooded country is not much noticed; but:- NEW FOREST Woolmer Forest are labelled.
parks	A few parks seem to be drawn in outline, unlabelled. For example south of Basingstoke.
county	The county boundary is a dashed line. Adjacent counties are labelled, eg:- DORSET A few settlements, roads, and railways are shown outwith Hampshire, for the sake of continuity. Rarely, see near Bramshaw and Farnham, a geological area is continued across the county boundary.
settlements distances from London	Settlements are marked by groups of blocks, perhaps with a cross for a church; differentiated by style of labelling.
city	group of blocks; labelled in upright block caps:- WINCHESTER / 62

town	group of blocks, perhaps a cross for a church; labelled in italic block caps or upright lowercase text (boroughs and other towns?), eg:- LYMINGTON / 93 PETERSFIELD / 54 Stockbridge / 66 Alton / 47 The figure is the distance from London.

village	a cross for a church, perhaps a group of blocks; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:- Ur. Wallop Meon Stoke

roads	A network of roads is drawn by double lines. Roads are graded by width, broad and narrow, the broader roads having one line bold.
railways	Railways are drawn by bold lines, perhaps,with a square block for a station. The railways are not named on the map, but an accompanying text in the atlas names the railway, and describes what geology can be seen from the line.
canals	If you look carefully it is possible to spot canals. The Basingstoke Canal is fairly obvious. The Andover Canal and Itchen Navigation are obscured by other features. The Titchfield Canal and the Salisbury to Southampton Canal can be seen.
geology index map	Geology is what this map is about. Areas of solid geology are coloured and labelled with a number that refers to a table of strata near the front of the atlas (transcribed in the note about the atlas):- Hampshire's geology includes:- 3 [pale brown] OLIGOCENE 4 [mid brown] UPPER EOCENE 5 [brown] LOWER EOCENE 6 [pale green] CHALK 7 [cyan] UPPER GREENSAND AND GAULT CLAY (SELBORNIAN) 8 [green] LOWER GREENSAND The county is described in the atlas text (see below). There are some comments about fossils to be found. For example: near Barton in Christchurch Bay, is labelled:- EOCENE FOSSILS ABUNDANT The note might be about antiquities, eg:- FLINT IMPLEMENTS IN DRIFT AT ST. MARY BOURNE Printed bottom right is an index map showing which New Series 1 [inch] Ordnance geological maps are relevant to the county. Sheets:- 267, 268, 269; 282, 283, 284, 285; 314, 315, 316, 317; 329, 330, 331, 332; and 343.
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HAMPSHIRE	GEOLOGY INCLUDING TRAIN JOURNEYS
	The geology of the county of Hampshire is described in pp.53-54 of the Stanford's Geological Atlas:-
	Hampshire. Map 15. Area 1,052,810 acres.
	This county is formed entirely of Cretaceous, Tertiary, and newer strata. In the northern part there is a tract of Reading beds, London clay, and Bagshot beds, which occupy a portion of the London Basin. These strata extend from Farnborough to the old Roman town of Silchester and westwards to Kingsclere. Here the Chalk is highly tilted and bent into an anticline, the eroded summit of which leaves bare the Upper Greensand of Burghclere. Southwards there is an undulating expanse of Chalk, from Basingstoke to Andover and Winchester. Eastwards from near Alton to Petersfield on the borders of Surrey, Upper Greensand, Gault, and Lower Greensand appear, in a picturesque region which includes Selborne, the home of Gilbert White, Woolmer Forest on the Gault, and the Lower Greensand hills of Bramshot.
	South of Winchester we again enter a Tertiary area, the Hampshire Basin, which includes the Reading beds and London clay along the Chalk borders. These are bent into a gentle anticline near Havant and Fareham, which has been much planed down and concealed by Pleistocene gravel and brickearth. Remnants of an old sea-beach occur below Portsdown Hill. The New Forest is situated on a tract of Bagshot and Bracklesham beds, and partly on Oligocene clays and sands. On the coast at Barton the Barton clays are richly fossiliferous, and many fossils have also been obtained at Hordle (or Hordwell). Westwards the Bagshot beds of Bournemouth have yielded many plant-remains, including fig, cinnamon, palm, and aralia.
	... ...
	Sea-side resorts: ... Barton-on-Sea, Boscombe (sands and cliffs), Bournemouth (sands and cliffs), Hayling Island (sands), Southsea (shingly).
	Railways through Hampshire
	The geology observable on railway journeys through Hampshire involve the LSWR and LBSCR, pp.138-146:-
	VIII. LONDON AND SOUTH WESTERN RAILWAY
	London to Winchester, Southampton, Weymouth, and Portland
	MAP 28 / Leaving Waterloo Station, we pass over the Lower Eocene strata near Walton-on-Thames, noting sections of Thames Valley gravel at Clapham Junction, and of the London clay near Wimbledon and Surbiton. Crossing a portion of the Thames valley, we enter upon the sandy, fir-clad, and heathy country formed by the Bagshot beds, that extend from near Walton and Hersham, by Weybridge, Woking, and Brookwood, past the Chobham Ridges, to beyond Farnborough. Near Weybridge there is a fine section of Bagshot sands resting on London clay, and covered by an irregular accumulation of gravel. Picturesque pools of water, held up by clayey beds i the Bagshot series, diversify the scenery here and there near Fleet. A few miles south of Fleet is the military station of Aldershot.

	MAP 15 / At Basingstoke we come on the Chalk, end thence cross an open undulating tract with scanty hedgerows, wooded hollows, and plantations here and there, and thinly populated. We traverse occasional tunnels and cuttings in this formation, through Micheldever to Winchester. Near Shawford, old terraces of cultivation (lynchets) may be observed.
	About four miles south of Winchester we enter the Tertiary tract of the Hampshire Basin, passing along the valley of the Itchen river, across outcrops of Reading beds and London clay, to Eastleigh and Bishopstoke, on to the Bagshot series, which covers a considerable area around Southampton. The ground here is lower and more wooded. At St. Denys we pass the tidal waters of the Itchen, and beyond, at Southampton West, we have views of the old town wall and of Southampton Water, with its mud flats at low tide. The new docks were excavated through estuarine mud with Scrobicularia and freshwater deposits into Bracklesham beds.
	MAP 11 / Through Totton and Elling, we cross a low lying pastoral country, bordering the New Forest, with its heaths and woodlands and here and there cultivated tracts, and traverse cuttings in loams and brown and white sands, past Lyndhurst Road, Brockenhurst, and Ringwood, to Wimborne Junction, where we come into more cultivated regions. We cross the Stour, and thence proceed through cuttings in sands and white clays by Broadstone Junction, with peeps of Poole Harbour and of the Chalk range of Purbeck to the south, on to Hamworthy Junction.
	MAPS 15, 11 / If we journey from Brockenhurst, via Bournemouth, to Hamworthy Junction, we cross the Avon, which flows out to sea east of Hengistbury Head, through Christchurch and Bournemouth, and along the borders of Poole Harbour, whence various pottery clays are shipped. At Hamworthy Junction,, and again near Moreton, the clays are worked for bricks and tiles. The cuttings for the most part show sands capped by gravel.
	...
	Winchester to Guildford
	MAP 15 / Winchester is situated amid bold hills on a denuded anticline in the Chalk, whereby the Middle Chalk is exposed in the southern parts of the city, and the Lower Chalk in the valley to the south-east.
	Leaving the station at Winchester (on Upper Chalk) we pass over an undulating, cultivated Chalk country, and branch off from the main line where it crosses the Great Western Railway from Didcot. Turning eastwards we follow the northern side of the Itchen river with valley gravel and alluvium, through a well-timbered tract to Itchen Abbas. Thence we pass through cuttings in Chalk with flints, cross the river-valley and traverse Chalk to the south of Alresford. In the cuttings beyond, the Chalk has fewer flints, and we pass Ropley, through occasional cuttings, and over a fairly wooded agricultural country with brown flinty soils. Towards Medstead the Chalk is more flinty, clay-with-flints caps much of the escarpment of the Upper Chalk, and the strata are seen in deep cuttings. Beyond we enter a more diversified country, wooded and undulating with some hop-grounds, and descend to the Middle and Lower Chalk at Alton, in the valley of the Wey. An extensive view is obtained to the south over a gently undulating well-timbered tract, largely under cultivation. Selborne, famed as the home of Gilbert White, the naturalist, is situated about four miles SSE. of Alton, on the borders of the Lower Chalk and Upper Greensand.
	MAP 28 / From Alton the railway continues along the Wey valley, over tracts of river gravel on Lower Chalk, seen in shallow cuttings, to the Upper Greensand south of Froyle. Thence we traverse the Gault in the lower part of Alice Holt Forest, and beyond cross the false-bedded brown sands of the Lower Greensand, with overlying gravel, as we approach Farnham. ...
	Basingstoke to Salisbury, Exeter, Barnstaple, and Ilfracombe
	MAPS 15, 11 / From Basingstoke we traverse the Chalk through Whitchurch and Andover to Salisbury. ...
	...
	Woking to Portsmouth
	...

	MAP 15 / ... we continue through a sandy country to Petersfield. Thence we cross a belt of Gault and Upper Greensand, traverse the Chalk of the South Downs to Rowland's Castle, and proceed across Reading beds and London clay to Havant (see pp.145, 146). From Havant we cross a drift-covered tract of Chalk and Eocene strata to Portsmouth.
	... ...
	IX. LONDON, BRIGHTON AND SOUTH COAST RAILWAY
	London to Portsmouth
	...
	MAP 28 / Travelling from London Bridge ...
	MAP 15 / ... Here [Arundel] the Lower Eocene beds of the Hampshire Basin occupy a syncline, and the Chalk again occurs to the south concealed by drift. In this region, indeed, from near Arundel to Havant and Portsmouth, both Chalk and Eocene beds are almost wholly concealed by chalky gravel (Combe rock) and brickearth. It is a flat but fertile agricultural tract with many market gardens. Beyond Havant we cross an alluvial,tract to the island region on which Portsmouth is situated.
	...
	Portsmouth to Worthing, Brighton and Lewes
	MAP 15 / Portsmouth is situated on a promontory, practically an island, with Portsmouth Harbour on the west, and Langstone Harbour on the east. A fringe of shingle occurs on Southsea Common on the coast bordering Spithead. The foundation strata consist from south to north of Bracklesham beds, Lower Bagshot beds, London clay, and Reading beds. The last-named is locally noted for the Stamshaw clay used for puddling and other purposes. It is exposed at North End over s small area traversed by the railway. With this exception the Eocene strata and Chalk are concealed by coverings of gravel and brickearth, beneath which they occur successively in passing northwards over the alluvial belt which connects the island with the mainland. The foundation strata of Chalk and Eocene are bent into the Portsdown anticline, so that in proceeding further north we pass from the Chalk, here covered by brickearth on to Reading beds, and to gravel and brickearth over London clay at Havant. / MAP 28 / Thence on to Chichester ...
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GEOLOGICAL	MAP OF GREAT BRITAIN - FEATURES
title map maker publisher	printed lower right:- GEOLOGICAL MAP OF GREAT BRITAIN Printed at the bottom:- Stanford's Geographical. Estabt. London / London: Edward Stanford, Ltd., 12, 13, & 14, Long Acre, W.C.
orientation up is N	The map has no indicator of orientation except the unlabelled scales of latitude and longitude. The map is printed with North at the top of the sheet.
scale line scale	Printed lower right is a scale line; chequered at ten mile intervals, labelled at 50 mile intervals. The 100 miles = 26.8 mm, giving a scale 1 to 6005015. The map scale is about:- 1 to 6000000 95 miles to 1 inch
lat and long scales	Printed in the map borders are scales of latitude and longitude for a trapezoid, or perhaps a conical, projection; marked and labelled at degree intervals. The map roughly includes from 1d E to 6.5d W, from 50d to 58.5d N; all of England, Wales and Scotland, without Shetland or the Channel Islands.
sea area sea plain	The sea area is plain, with a very few sea areas labelled, eg:- Bristol Channel The Wash
coast line headlands	The coast line is not emphahsised. A very few headlands are labelled, eg:- Selsey Bill
rivers	Rivers are drawn by wiggly lines tapering inland. A few are labelled, eg:- Avon at Christchurch.
relief	No relief is indicated except by some hill names, eg:- South Downs
settlements	Hardly any settlements are marked or labelled, but see:- LONDON Lyme Regis each with a circle, and the name.
geology table of strata	The solid geology of the country is marked in colour printed areas, each labelled with a number. At this small scale the geology is simplified. The number refers to a table of strata printed upper right on the map:- Index of Colours ... 3 [pale brown] Oligocene 4 [mid brown] Upper Eocene 5 [brown] Lower Eocene 6 [pale green] Chalk 7 [cyan] Upper Greensand 7a [cyan] Gault 8 [green] Lower Greensand ...
	Hampshire's geology, simplified:-

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GEOLOGICAL	ATLAS - TITLE & PREFACE
	The atlas size is: wxh = 14x20cm; the book has been rebound, amateurishly, and its map plates are trimmed a bit tight. Remember that these notes are biased toward a Hampshire interest.
	The atlas has:- title page; preface by H B Woodward, Croydon, Surrey, 1913; contents, list of sections, views, geological maps, plates of fossils; table of strata and list of characteristic fossils; descriptions of geology of countries and individual counties; descriptions of the geology seen on railway journeys; list of fossils; index; 64 colour printed geological maps of Great Britain and the counties (some maps are documented separately); plates of fossils.
	Title page:-
	STANFORD'S GEOLOGICAL ATLAS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND WITH PLATES OF CHARACTERISTIC FOSSILS PRECEDED BY DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND AND THEIR COUNTIES; OF THE CHANNEL ISLANDS; AND OF THE FEATURES OBSERVABLE ALONG THE PRINCIPAL LINES OF RAILWAY BY HORACE B. WOODWARD, F.R.S., F.G.S.
	THIRD EDITION LONDON: EDWARD STANFORD, LTD. 12, 13, & 14, LONG ACRE, W.C. 1914
	The preface explains the sources of information for the geological descriptions and maps, pp.v-vi:-
	PREFACE
	THE first edition of Stanford's Geological Atlas ... was published in 1904. It was based in general plan, and especially in regard to the maps, on Reynold's Geological Atlas ... 1860 and 1889. The text, however, was entirely re-written, ... descriptions of the geological features observable along the main lines of railway were added.
	A few of the original text-illustrations were retained; others were borrowed from Sir Andrew C. Ramsay's Physical Geology and Geography of Great Britain. The figures of fossils were reproduced chiefly from Lowry's Tabular View of Characteristic British Fossils; others were taken from the Chart of Fossil Crustacea, arranged by J. W. Salter and Dr. Henry Woodward, and a few from Ramsay's Physical Geology.
	The maps in the original Atlas were based to a large extent on those of the Geological Survey, and they have been revised, as far as the scale has permitted, from the later published maps of that institution.
	...
	The present edition has been amplified ... [little of significance to Hampshire].
	...
	HORACE B. WOODWARD. / CROYDON. / September 1913.
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GEOLOGICAL	ATLAS - GEOLOGY
	Facing page 1 there is a table of strata, a key for the geological maps, and list of their fossils. Each stratum has a coloured rectangle labelled with a number (colours can only be described roughly). The strata that concern Hampshire are numbers 3 to 8:-

	INDEX TO GEOLOGICAL MAPS. / PRINCIPAL ORGANIC REMAINS OR FOSSILS.
	...
	3 [pale brown] OLIGOCENE: Fluvio-marine Series (shelly clays, sands and limestones) .. .. .. Insects, Mollusca (Corbula, Cyrena, Cytherea, Bulimus, Cerithium, Limnaea, Planorbis); Crocodiles, Chelonians (Trionyx, Emys); Mammals (Anoplotherium, Palaeotherium).
	4 [mid brown] UPPER EOCENE: Barton, Bracklesham and Bagshot Beds (sands and clays) .. .. .. Plants (Aralia, Ficus, Sequoia); Nummulites, Insects, Mollusca (Cardita, Crassatella, Cerithium, Conus, Fusus, Rostellaria, Voluta); Reptiles (Chelone, Paelaeophis); Mammals (Lophiodon).
	5 [brown] LOWER EOCENE: London Clay / Lower London Tertiaries (pebble beds, sands and clays) Plants (Nipadites); Crustacea; Mollusca (Cyprina, Cyrena, Corbula, Pectunculus, Pleurotoma, Voluta, Nautilus); Fishes, Crocodiles, Turtles, Birds, Mammals (Hyracotherium).
	6 [pale green] CHALK .. .. .. Foraminifera; Sponges (Ventriculites); Echinoderms (Echinocorys, Galerites, Marsupites, Micraster); Brachiopods; Mollusca (Inoceramus, Ostrea, Pecten, Ammonites, Belemnitella, Scaphites); Fishes, Saurians, Birds (Enaliornis).
	7 [cyan] UPPER GREENSAND AND GAULT CLAY (SELBORNIAN) .. .. .. Sponges (Siphonia); Crustacea; Mollusca (Exogyra, Pecten, Inoceramus, Ammonites, Belemnites); Fishes.
	8 [green] LOWER GREENSAND .. .. .. Sponges; Crustacea (Meyeria); Brachiopods; Mollusca (Exogyra, Perna, Trigonia, Ammonites).
	...
	In the text on the Geological Structure of Great Britain there is a tabulation of the:-
	FORMATIONS OF GREAT BRITAIN
	SEDIMENTARY AND METAMORPHIC ROCKS
	These are listed with their thicknesses in feet:-
	Caenozoic
	Quaternary
	---
	RECENT OR HOLOCENE
	Alluvium with peat, Blown Sand, Estuarine and Marine beds, Newer Raised Beaches
	PLEISTOCENE
	River Gravel and Brickearth, Older Raised Beaches
	Glacial Drift - 200ft.
	Tertiary
	---
	PLIOCENE
	Cromer Forest Bed Series - 30ft.
	Norwich and Red Crags - up to 150ft.
	Coralline Crag and Lenham Beds - 40 to 80ft.
	OLIGOCENE (Fluvio-marine series)
	Hamstead Beds - 260ft.
	Bembridge Beds - 110ft.
	Osborne Beds - 100ft.
	Headon Beds - 150ft.
	EOCENE
	Upper-Bagshot Beds = Barton Sands / Barton Clay - 200ft.
	Bracklesham Beds - 400 to 650ft.
	Lower Bagshot Beds - 10 to 600ft.
	London Clay - 50 to 480ft.
	Oldhaven and Blackheath Beds - 10 to 60ft.
	Woolwich and Reading Beds - 15 to 150ft.
	Thanet Beds - 20 to 60ft.
	---
	Secondary or Mesozoic
	---
	CRETACEOUS
	Chalk - up to 1750ft.
	Upper Greensand (Selbornian) - 40 to 120ft.
	Gault (Selbornian) - 100 to 250ft.
	Lower Greensand - 250 to 600ft.
	WEALDEN-PURBECK
	Wealden = Weald Clay / Hastings Sands - 1500ft.
	Purbeck Beds - 50 to 400ft.
	Jurassic
	OOLITIC SERIES
	Portland Beds - 80 to 300ft.
	Kimeridge Cay - 100 to 1200ft.
	Corallian Beds - 50 to 200ft.
	Oxford Clay and Kellaways Beds - 300 to 600ft.
	Cornbrash - 5 to 30ft.
	Great Oolite Series = Forest Marble, Bradford Clay, and Great Oolite Clay / Great Oolite, Stonesfield Slate, and Fuller's Earth - 130 to 250ft.
	Inferior Oolite Series including Midford Sands (passage-beds) - 15 to 250ft.
	LIASSIC
	Upper Lias - 25 to 200ft.
	Middle Lias - 50 to 350ft.
	Lower Lias - 450 to 960ft.
	New Red Sandstone
	TRIASSIC
	Rhaetic Beds - 30 to 120ft.
	Red Marl and Sandstone (Keuper) - 500 to 1500ft.
	Red Sandstone and Pebble-Beds (Bunter) - 1000 to 2000ft.
	PERMIAN
	Magnesian Limestone Series / Red Sandstone, Breccia, and Conglomerate - 500 to 1500ft.
	---
	Primary
	Palaeozoic
	CARBONIFEROUS
	Coal-measures - 200 to 8000ft.
	Millstone Grit - up to 4000ft.
	Carboniferous Limestone Series and Calciferous Limestone - 800 to 4000ft.
	OLD RED SANDSTONE and DEVONIAN
	Upper Old Red Sandstone / Devonian / Lower Old Red Sandstone - 2000 to 4000ft.
	SILURIAN
	Ludlow Series - 700 to 1400ft.
	Wenlock Series - 2000 to 4000ft.
	May Hill or Llandovery Series - 2000 to 3000ft.
	ORDOVICIAN
	Bala and Caradoc Series - 4000 to 12000ft.
	Llandeilo Beds - 3000 to 4000ft.
	Arenig Series - 1000 to 2500ft.
	CAMBRIAN
	Tremadoc Series - 1000ft.
	Lingula Flag Series - 4000 to 5000ft.
	Menevian Series - 600 to 750ft.
	Harlech Series - 3000 to 8000ft.
	Pre-Cambrian and Archaean
	TORRIDONIAN
	Torridon Sandstone and Longmyndian
	URICONIAN
	Wrekin Volcanic Series, Pebedian, etc
	DALRADIAN
	Highland Schists
	LEWISIAN
	Hebridean or Fundamental Series
	Then a list of:-
	IGNEOUS ROCKS
	Acid. Granite, Quartz-porphyry, Felsite, Pitchstone, Rhyolite
	Intermediate. Syenite, Diorite, Andesite, Trachyte
	Basic. Gabbro, Diabase, Dolerite, Basalt
	Ultra-basic. Serpentine
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ITEMS	in HMCMS Map Collection (scanned item in bold)
	HMCMS:FA2002.654 -- atlas
	HMCMS:FA2002.654.1 -- geological map
	HMCMS:FA2002.654.15 -- geological map
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