notes Cary 1787

	Research Notes Map Group CARY 1787

Cary 1787
	Map, Hampshire, scale about 6.5 miles to 1 inch, by John Cary, engraver and map seller, 188 Strand, London, 1787. The map studied here is an edition of the 1787 map, published by John Cary in 1793. It is in the Map Collection of Hampshire CC Museums Service, item HMCMS:FA1998.214 (Please note that the map features and roads refer to this map, which is not illustrated.)


	MAP FEATURES
	ROADS
	CARY'S ENGLISH ATLAS
	REFERENCES
	ITEMS in the Collection
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MAP FEATURES
title cartouche map maker orientation compass rose	Printed lower right is a simple cartouche laid across the compass rose a device that John Cary uses elsewhere. The map title is:- HAMPSHIRE Below the compass rose is:- By JOHN CARY, Engraver. Printed at the bottom is:- London Published Jan 1st. 1793 by J. Cary, Engraver & Mapseller, Strand The compass rose has no circle. It has star points for the cardinal and half cardinal directions, and lines for the false points. North is marked by a fleur de lys.
scale line scale	Printed lower right is a scale line:- British Statute Miles 69 1/2 to a Degree. The scale line is chequererd and labelled in miles; length 10 miles = mm, giving a map scale 1 to . The map scale is about:- 1 to miles to 1 inch
lat and long scales scale	In the map border are rectangular latitude and longitude scales; chequered at 1 minute intervals, labelled at 5 minute intervals. The bottom longitude scale is labelled:- Longitude Wst. from London minutes of latitude = mm, gives a map scale of 1 to . The map scale is about:- 1 to miles to 1 inch Cary is the first to use longitude west from the Greenwich meridian, which was not formally established as the international prime meridian till 1884.
sea area sea plain	The sea is plain. Some sea areas are labelled, eg:- ENGLISH CHANNEL The SOLENT Christchurch Bay SOUTHAMPTON WATER
coast line coast form lines headlands harbours	The coast is emphasised by form lines which extend into river estuaries and harbours. Some headlands are labelled, eg:- Hengistbury Head And some harbours, eg:- Portsmouth Harbour
coastal defence castles fortifications	Some of the old coastal defence castles are labelled - no symbol:- Hurst Castle Calshot Castle St. Andrew's Castle The fortifications of Portsmouth are shown, just.
rivers ponds bridges	Rivers are drawn as wiggly lines tapering inland from their estuary. Baridin might be shown, and the river might be labelled, eg:- Avon R. Beauley River Crockford Water Auborn Riv Bourne River This Bourne is the River Bourne by South Tidworth. Test Higher up the Test the tributary now known as the Bourne Rivulet is labelled the Anton, the Anton running into Andover is unnamed, and the head of the river is labelled:- Source of the Hanton Riv. between Ashe and Steventon. Ponds are drawn in outline with form lines, and perhaps labelled, eg:- Fleet Pond Sowley Pond Blackmore Pond This last near Bramshott. Bridges are suggested by the roads crossing and interupting a river. A few bridges are named, eg:- Broken Bridge [near Brokenhurst] Our Br. Kitcomb Bridge [by Fullerton] A ford is labelled at:- Jouldins Ford north of Eversley.
relief	No relief is shown. But a few hills are labelled, eg:- Tidbury Hill Ports Down
woods forests	Groups of trees and bushes are drawn with doted areas to suggest undergrowth, to indicate woodland, in park grounds or woods or forests. These might be labelled, eg:- Holt Forest Watmere Forest NEW FOREST
parks	Parks are drawn in outline with a ring of fence palings. The park usually contains a house, and might be labelled, eg:- Hackwood Park Dogmersfield Burley Lodge
county	The county boundary is a bold dotted line. This extends across the map borders in places. The detached part of Hampshire in West Sussex is not shown. Adjacen counties are labelled, eg:- WILT SHIRE and the boundary between these counties drawn for a short way from the Hapmshire boundary by a dotted line. A few places outside the county are drawn and labelled to make sense of Hampshire places, eg Farnham, Lopcombe Corner, Ludgershall, etc.
hundreds	Hundreds are not shown.
settlements streets	Blocks and groups of blocks on roads are used to mark the larger settlements, perhaps with a cross (+) indicating a church. In bigger towns the blocks make a street plan. Smaller places are marked by a drawing of a church or a house. Places are graded by their labelling.
city	groups of blocks on a street plan; labelled in upright block caps, eg:_ WINCHESTER The relationship of streets, rivers, roads, etc is visible in some detail though miniature.

town	groups of blocks on a street plan; labelled in upright block caps, eg:- SOUTHAMPTON FAREHAM A town might have one or two starts or asterisks attached to it by a line which presumably indicate the number of members it sends to Parliament.

village	drawing of a church; labelled in upright lowercase text, eg:- Froxfield Crawley Owslebury

hamlet house farm	drawing of a building, a house; labelled in italic lowercase text, eg:- Compton Fritham Wyatts [a house? W of Alton] Durham Fa. [near Maple Durham] Lowr Farm [NW of Exton] A hamlet on a road might be marked by a small group of blocks, eg:- Lower Froyle Fullerton
miscellaneous
mills water mills	A number of water mills are shown, usually just by a label, with a symbol. The map would repay a study to locate its record of old mills. For example, up the River Test are:- Great Bri Mill [N of Romsey] Mill [top of Lockerley Brook] Overshot Watering Mill [at Lower Wallop] Mill [at Stockbridge] I have not noticed any windmills.
shipyards docks	At Bursledon, by the river, is labelled:- Dock marking an important dockyard.
gibbets	North of Gravel Hill on the Portsmouth Road, about 50 miles from London, is:- Gibbet
antiquities roman roads roman towns	Roman roads are clearly marked and labelled:- Roman Road from Old Sarum Port Way Roman Road [Winchester towards Silchester] Icknield Way It would be worth comparing these claims with what is accepted nowadays. Silchester has its roman town marked by a ring of ?hatching with a central block.
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ROADS
roads	Roads are clearly drawn on the map by a double line, graded into two widths, the major roads having bold+light lines. The network of roads is extensive. The major roads include some but not all of the 'Ogilby' routes and shows routes which are now deemed to be significant. Major roads crossing the county boundary have their destination, or start, labelled, eg:- from Salisbury 4 Miles from Amesbury to Newbury Miles from Hyde Park Corner London R to London thro' Guildford Looking closely, there are little lowercase letters labelling the major roads at the county boundary. These are grouped by county.
Dorset border

a	Christchurch - Poole

b	Ringwood - Poole

c	Ringwood - Wool Bridge, west

Wiltshire border

a	Fordingbridge - Salisbury

b	Cadnam - Salisbury

c	Southampton, Ower - Salisbury

d	Romsey - Salisbury

e	Stockbridge or Andover - Lopcombe Corner and Salisbury

f	Andover - Amesbury and west

g	Andover - Ludgershall, Devizes

Berkshire border

a	Andover, Highclere - Newbury

b	Whitchurch - Newbury

c	Kingsclere - Aldermaston, Reading

d e	Basingstoke - Reading

f	Basingstoke - Reading

Surrey border

a	Petersfield - Guildford; London

b	Farnham to Guildford or Bagshot; London

c	at Frimley - Bagshot; London

d	at Blackwater - Bagshot; London

West Sussex border

a	Liphook - across Sussex, Guildford

[b]	Havant - Chichester
	Perhaps these label joins of these major roads to their continuation on the relevant other county map. These letters are not printed on the 1787 edition of the map. A few junctions are named, eg:- 3 Leg Cross [S of Hghclere] Lopcombe Corner [in Wiltshire] A few roads have names, eg: Chute Causeway Popham Lane Gravel Hill Bradley Lane New Road This last from near Eling towards Lyndhurst. A label in the Lands End Road at Church Oakley:- Dean Gate may be a turnpike gate?

Route diagram:-

Ogilby routes	25/26, the Lands End Road, is shown. 30, the Portsmouth Road, is shown. 32, from Andover towards the west, is shown. 39, the branch from Midhurst to Winchester, now shown only by minor roads. 51, the Southampton Road, but no longer the same route, Cary shows the main route through Winchester not Twyford, the older route is shown by mminor roads. 53, Basingstoke to Salisbury, is shown. 81, Oxford to Chichester, is not shown as a contnuous route though it is all shown by a mixture of major and minor roads. 83, Oxford to Salisbury, shown by only by minor roads. 97, various parts still appear as major roads, but the route from Christchurch to Lymington is now only a minor road.

new routes	Some of the new routes worth noticing are (not always quite direct):- Winchester, Whitchurch, Newbury. Alton, Bishops waltham, Wickham, Fareham, Gosport. Southampton, Wickham, Cosham, Havant, Chichester. Salisbury, Fordingbridge, Ringwood, Christchurch. Winchester, Stockbridge, Salisbury. etc.
road distances	A few of the main roads have distances from London, or from their start, marked every mile along their route:- [Bagshot], Blackwater 31, Hartford Bridge 36, Basingstoke 47, Whitchurch 58, Andover 65, [Middle Wallop] 72, [Salisbury]. (Ogilby 25/26). ..., Liphook 47, Petersfield 55, Horndean 62, Cosham 68, Portsmouth [ ]. (Ogilby 30). Andover 35, [Weyhill], Ludgershall, [Devizes]. [Bagshot], Farnham 38, Alton 48, Alresford 57, Winchester 65, Southampton [ ]. (partly Ogilby 51). Basingstoke 46, Wheatsheaf 52 1/2, Sutton Scotney 60 1/2, Stockbridge 68, Lopcombe Corner 74 1/2, [Salisbury]. (Ogilby 53). [Reading], Basingstoke 14 1/2. Winchester 66, Romsey 76, Ringwood 94, [Poole]. Southampton 0, Romsey 8, [Salisbury]. These were presumably regarded as more important routes.
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CARY'S ENGLISH	ATLAS
	The map was published as one part of a monthly series, 1787-89; the Hampshire map appeared in part 3, 1 November 1787, based on Taylor's map; the first part was advertised September 1787, mis-spelling his name. 'Carey'. It was published in Cary's atlas 1787-93; and re-engraved from 1809.
	'CARY'S NEW and CORRECT ENGLISH ATLAS: BEING A New Set of County Maps FROM ACTUAL SURVEYS. EXHIBITING All the Direct & principal Cross Roads, Cities, Towns, and most considerable Villages, Parks, Rivers, NAVIGABLE CANALS &c. Preceded by a General MAP of South Britain, SHEWING The Connexion of one Map with another. ALSO A General Description of each County, AND Directions for the junction of the Roads from one County to ANOTHER. / LONDON. Printed for JOHN CARY, Engraver, Map and Print-seller, the corner of Arundel Street, Strand. Published as the Act directs Septr. 1st 1787.'
	The atlas has title page, dedication, list of subscribers, contents, each county has a page of text; at the end is text for 'Directions for the junction of the Roads', a list of 'The Market and Borough Towns' and 'A List of the Principal Post and Sub-Post-Towns with their Receiving Houses'; the atlas pays attention to routes; as well as the features described in the title page there is a text description of 52 major routes, indexed to the county maps.; the atlas size is 10 x 13 ins
	The Monthly Review, December 1786: 'Mr Cary's Surveys are, without question, the most accurate and elegant of any that have appeared since the days of Roque.'; John Cary was born 23 February 1755 at Corsley, near Warminster, Wiltshire; it is significant the atlas is dedicated to Thomas 3rd Viscount Weymouth, Baron Thynne of Warminster, later 1st Marquess of Bath.
	For more about John Cary himself see Cary 1809b
	A notice in the English Review, December 1789, '... the purchaser of Cary's Atlas will find that the work itself contains much more useful matter than is announced in the title-page ... Works of this kind derive their great value from the accuracy of their execution. Without strict attention to this, they are worse than nothing; they pretend to instruct, they inspire confidence, and they deceive. We have examined this publication with some attention, have compared it with many of the best county maps on a large scale, and do not find that it suffers by the comparison. The author appears to have exerted himself to merit that approbation, which everyone who ventures before the public tribunal should endeavour to deserve; and it gives us pleasure to see, by the long list of subscribers that precedes the work, that he has not laboured in vain. ... The neatness of the engraving is highly to be commended, as, besides its general pleasing effect, it renders these maps less fatiguing to the eye than those on a much larger scale, which are executed, as maps too commonly are, in a slovenly manner.'
	Published in another edition '... London. Printed for John Cary, Engraver & Map-seller, No.181, near Norfolk Street, Strand. Published as the Act directs Jany. 1st. 1793.'
	The map has a facing page of text; the map probably has a letters engraved where each road leaves the county, to correspond with the same letter on the adjoining county sheet, embryonic road numbering.
	There were several reissues of the 1793 edition in which the map is dated 1793; it may have slight additions?
	The following notes are made from a copy of Cary's New and Correct English Atlas by John Cary, 1787. The atlas studied is in the collection of Birmingham Central Library, call number AQ912.42.
	Cary, John: 1787: Cary's New and Correct English Atlas: (London)
	DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
	The text pages for Hampshire are:-
	HAMPSHIRE
	IS a maritime county on the south coast of the Kingdom, which, during the Saxon heptarchy, belonged to the Kingdom of Wessex, is now included in the province of Canterbury, the diocese of Winchester, and the Western Circuit. Including the Isle of Wight, it is 55 miles long from North to South, 40 miles broad from East to West, and 220 in circumference. It contains 1540 square miles, or 985,600 acres, including also the Isle of Wight; divided into 39 hundreds, 250 parishes; one city, Winchester, which sends 2 members to parliament, and gives the title of Marquis to the Powlett family; and 20 market towns, viz. Southampton, which sends 2 members to parliament, and gives the title of Baron to the Fitzroy family; Portsmouth which sends 2 members to parliament, and gives the title of Earl to the Wallop family; Andover, which gives the title of Viscount to the family of Wallop; Christchurch, which sends 2 members to parliament; as does Stockbridge, Whitchurch, and Petersfield; with Newport, and Yarmouth, in the Isle of Wight; but the following market towns do not send representatives, viz. Basingstoke, Alresford, Alton, Fareham, Havant, Kingsclere, Odingham, Ringwood, Rumsey, and Waltham. Among the villages Titchfield gives the title of Marquis to the Bentinck family; Portchester the title of Baron to the Herbert family; and basing the title of Baron to the family of Powlett. ... This county sends 26 members to parliament, viz. 2 for the shire, and the others as expressed above; pays 14 parts of the land tax, and provides 960 men to the national militia. Its principal rivers are the Ithing or Alre, the Tees or Test, Anton, Avon, Stour, Wey, Loddon, and Auborn. It has the harbours of Spithead, Portsmouth, St Helen's, East Cowes, Hampton Water or Southampton Bay, Titchfield Bay, Langston and Hamble Haven, &c.; with a great number of points, headlands, isles, forts, castles, &c. This county has also New Forest, near 30 miles in circuit; Wulmer and 7 others; with a great number of parks, downs, &c. Its chief product is corn, cattle, pastures, wood, iron, wool, fish, and hops. It is noted for its honey, and the best bacon in the kingdom. It has manufactures of woollen; and contains extensive magazine of naval stores at Portsmouth. The air of this county is fertile and healthy, and abounds with extensive views and elegant villas; among which
	The following are the most considerable
	Ashley Lodge, near Fordingbridge.
	Avington, near Alresford.
	Bellevue, near Southampton.
	Bestorn, New Forest.
	Bortswood, near New Forest.
	Bolderwood Lodge, New Forest.
	Bramble Hill, near Fordingbridge.
	Bramshill Park, near Heckfield
	Burley Lodge, New Forest
	Cadland Park upon the New Forest
	Cannon Park, near Kingsclere
	Chapman's Ford, near Winchester
	Chilton Candover.
	Dogmersfield, near Odiham
	Dinny Lodge, New Forest
	East Stretton.
	Evelham
	Farmborough
	Freemantle Park.
	Grange, near Alresford
	Hackwood Park, near Basingstoke
	Havant Park
	Headley Park, near Alton
	Heckfield Park, near Odiham
	High Cliff, near Christchurch
	Holmeley, New Forest
	Hursley Lodge, near Winchester
	Iver Lodge, near Fordingbridge
	Idesworth Park.
	Mallwood Lodge, near West Minsted
	New Park, New Forest
	Polton's, near Rumsey
	Ringfield Lodge, New Forest
	Rotherfield, near Alton.
	Southwick Park, near Fareham
	North Stoneham, near Southampton
	Red Rice, near Andover
	Stratfield Saye Park, near Odiham
	Stubbington, near Crofton
	Sydmonton, near Kingsclere
	Tilney Hall, near Odiham
	Walbury, near Comb
	Wulverton, near Winchester
	The most remarkable Views and Situations are,
	Portsdown, five miles North of Portsmouth.
	West Lodge, in Bere Forest.
	Ashley Down.
	Nunwell Down.
	...
	The atlas includes a map 'South Britain' 1787.
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REFERENCES
	Cary, John: 1787 & 1793: Cary's New and Correct English Atlas: (London)
also see:-
	related map group -- Cary 1809a
	related map group -- Cruchley 1863
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ITEMS	in HMCMS Map Collection (scanned item in bold)
	HMCMS:ACM1934.74.9 -- map
	HMCMS:FA1998.214 -- map
	HMCMS:FA1999.56 -- atlas
	HMCMS:FA1999.56.1 -- map
	HMCMS:FA1999.56.15 -- map
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