notes Pine 1739

	Research Notes Map Group PINE 1739

Pine 1739

	Chart, Progress of the Armada, map plates VI and VII, off the coast of Hampshire, drawn by H Gravelot, engraved and published by John Pine, London, 1739.
	The 2 map sheets in the HMCMS collection, items FA1999.61, FA1999.62, are Pine's versions of Adams's charts engraved by Ryther for his English translation of Ubaldini's account of the Armada.

	The maps are printed from separate plates within a decorative border. Each sheet was printed from 2 or 3 separate plates; an outer border printed in black, 2 maps printed in dark blue. Plates 5 and 6 are on one sheet, plates 7 and 8 together on another sheet. On each chart there is part of the coast of Hampshire with limited topographic detail. Plates 6 and 7 show the same area around the Isle of Wight. Plate 5 is to the east, plate 6 to the west. Plates 5, 6 and 8 each show 2 battle scenes at different times.
	The sizes are about: wxh, sheet = 63.5x39.5cm; wxh, border plate = 63x38.5cm; wxh, map plate = 23.5x18cm. Remember that these notes have a bias towards Hampshire interest.

	THE ARMADA
	SOURCE MAPS
	MAP FEATURES PLATE 5/6
	MAP FEATURES PLATE 7/8
	SEA BATTLES
	REFERENCES
	ITEMS in the Collection
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THE ARMADA
	The invasion of England by Spain was detailed by Philip II in orders to his forces in September 1587. This marked the culmination of arguments over religion and the succession in England, and rule and religion in the Low Countries. The differences came to a crisis with the execution of Mary Stuart, 18 February 1587, for her involvement in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth I - the Babbington Plot. Mary had been deposed from her scottish throne, over religion, by the Scots in 1567. The Armada fleet eventually left La Coruna, Spain, 22 July 1588, and sighted The Lizard, Cornwall, 29 July 1588.
	NB: dates here are in new style, Gregorian Calendar, which was in use by the Spanish but not yet by the English; some histories of these events use old style, 10 days adrift of today's calendar.
	England was in a state of readiness; army and militia mobilised, the beacon communication system alert, the english fleet active; Elizabeth I's intelligence service was very effective. The english fleet was commanded by Lord Admiral Howard in the Ark Royal, Vice Admiral Sir Francis Drake in the Revenge, and others including John Hawkins in the Victory, and Martin Frobisher in the Triumph. The spanish fleet was spotted south of Cornwall by the Golden Hind, scouting on the 29th, which returned with the news to Plymouth. For the next week and a half the english and spanish fleets were in contact until the Armada withdrew on a course up the North Sea and round the north of the British Isles, to be severely damaged by storms on its return journey. The Armada was averted by the navy and destroyed by storms. The threat of Roman Catholicism being replanted in Britain and the Low Countries was decisively removed.
	The map sheets in the HMCMS collection show events off the coast of Hampshire; they are two in the middle of a series of 5 sheets.
	Hampshire is a maritime county whose local militia would have been mobilised, shadowing on land the progress of the Armada on sea. The beacons in the county would have flared with those along the rest of the coast. Hampshire's harbours were not the base of the English fleet for this action.
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SOURCE MAPS
	Petruccio Ubaldini, an Italian living in London
	set down in my mother tongue all that befell that summer upon the seas between the fleet of our noble and gracious Queen, and that of the King of Spain.
	It is said that Sir Francis Drake asked him to do this. The account is based on despatches written under the direction of Lord Admiral Howard; it might be a biased account. Ubaldini's account in italian was translated, anonymously, for the dutch engraver Augustine Ryther who made plates from designs by Robert Adams of the progress of the Armada, and published the account with the maps, London, 1590.
	Lord Howard of Effingham commissioned tapestry designs from Hendrick Vroom, dutch marine artist, and then tapestries based on the charts. The tapestry designs converted the charts into perspective seascapes. They were worked in the Netherlands, and delivered to Lord Howard in 1595. Howard sold the tapestries to James I. By 1690 they were hung in the House of Lords, and all but one were destroyed by the fire there in 1834. (One tapestry had been stolen, so escaped the fire, but is lost.)
	Before the tapestries were destroyed they were described by John Pine, 1739:-
	Tapestry Hangings of the House of Lords to which are added from a book entitled 'Expedionionis Hispanorum in Angliam Vera Descriptio AD1588' .. ten charts of the sea-coasts of England ... ornamented with medals struck on that occasion and other suitable devices. ...
	Notice 'to which are added ... ten charts of the sea coasts ...' The charts are like the Adams/Ryther charts, not perspective views like the tapestries. It is these charts that we have in the Map Collection.
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MAP FEATURES	PLATE 5/6

map maker publisher	Printed at the bottom:- H Gavelot delin. Publish'd by John Pine, June 24. 1739. according to Act of Parliament J. Pine Sculp.
decoration	Top centre of border, portrait of:- SR. FRANCIS DRAKE Bottom middle of border; an officer distributing booty? left - prisoners being taken off towards a castle; right - 3 ships at anchor And medallions with mottoes around; top left, 3 ships:- SED NOMINI TUO AD GLORIAM top right, coat of arms, lion rising from the sea:- NON NOBIS DOMINE NON NOBIS 1588 bottom left, lady in a chariot with ?palm and a book:- TANDEM BONA CAUSA TRIUMPHAT 1588 the book reads:- ONSE UWEN VADE NAEH INDE- WERD HEME GEHEY
PLATE 5	Plate 5 includes the coast from Dartmouth, Devon to West Lulworth, Dorset. (Brief notes only.) Plate number 'V' is printed top right.
sea area sea plain	The sea area is plain.
coast line coast form lines headlands	The coast line is drawn with form lines and has hachuring to indicate cliffs or a steep shore. Some headlands, etc, are labelled, eg:- Barry Point Portland Bill Mewstone
coastal defence castles	Castles along the coast are drawn at:- Powderham Castle Portland Castle Sanderfoot Castle
county	No county boundary is shown, but the county names are drawn, eg:- PART OF DEVON SHIRE PART OF DORSET SHIRE
settlements town walls	Settlements along the coast and up rivers are shown by drawing groups of buildings, some with towers. The groups vary a little in size. The name labels grade the settlements;
city	labelled in block caps italic, eg:- EXETER drawn with a town wall, with bastions.

town	labelled in lowercase upright, eg:- Weymouth

village	labelled in lowercase italic, eg:- Lyme
	The grading is probably informal; don't take it too seriously.
PLATE 6	Plate 6 includes the coast from Portland Bill, Dorset to St Helens, Isle of Wight. Plate number 'VI' is printed top right.
orientation compass rose	There are two compass roses; each shows cardinal, half cardinal, and false points by star points, North is marked by a fleur de lys.
wind heads	A winged cherub's head puffs to indicate wind direction at the time of the action.
sea area sea plain sandbanks	The sea area is plain. Some rocks and sandbanks are marked, some labelled, eg:- Needles Shingles Horse
coast line coast form lines headlands	The coast line is drawn with form lines and has hachuring to indicate cliffs or a steep shore. Some headlands, etc, are labelled, eg:- Bill of Portland Dunnose
coastal defence castles fortifications	Castles along the mainland coast are drawn by a building with a flag, at:- Portland Castle Corfe Castle Hurst Castle Calshot Castle St Andrew's Castle Portcaesar and on the Isle of Wight at:- Yarmouth Cows Sandham Fort [IoW] Portsmouth, and the edge of Southampton, are shown by a star symbol which (I think) represent polygonal fortifications.
rivers bridges	River estuaries are drawn with form lines, and then the river is drawn by a wiggly line going tapering inland. The rivers are not named. A few bridges are shown.
relief hillocks	Relief is not treated seriously; many little hillocks are drawn on the land, but they are just scattered about as decoration. Corfe Castle is shown on its hill; the range of hills across the Isle of Wight is more carefully defined.
beacons	Warning beacons are not shown; which is a pity as the beacon system was an important part of the country's defences in 1588.
trees	Tree are drawn on the land. But, as with hillocks, it looks as if they are just decorative.
county	The county boundary is a fine dotted line; the county areas are labelled, eg;- PART OF HAMP SHIRE
settlements	The coast of Hampshire shows:- Christchurch Limmington SOUTHAMPTON Gosport Portsmouth The star shape indicates fortifications.
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MAP FEATURES	PLATE 7/8
map maker publisher	Printed at the bottom:- H Gavelot delin. Publish'd by John Pine, June 24. 1739. according to Act of Parliament J. Pine Sculp.
decoration	The top border has portraits of:- Sr. M. FORBISHER [sic] Sr. JOHN HAWKINS Between the 2 charts an angel leans on a shield inscribed:- Ld. Tho. Howard Lord Sheffield R. Townsend C. I. Hawkins C. M. Frobisher At the bottom Lord Howard knights some of his men; this included Hawkins and Frobisher, 5 August 1588.
PLATE 7	Plate 7 includes the coast from Portland Bill, Dorset to St Helens, Isle of Wight. This is the same coast as plate 6 and detail is pretty much as before - descriptions of some map features are not repeated here. Plate number 'VII' is printed top right.
orientation compass rose	There is a compass rose showing cardinal, half cardinal, and false points by star points. A fleur de lys marks north.
wind heads	A winged cherub's head puffs to indicate wind direction.
sea plain tides sandbanks	The sea area is plain. The rough water off Portland Bill, caused by the tidal stream, is marked by waves, labelled:- Race of Portland Sandbanks are noticed, eg:- Shingles
coast line coast form lines	The coast line is drawn with form lines and has hachuring to indicate cliffs or a steep shore.
coastal defence castles antiquities	For example:- Hurst Castle Portchester castle is marked and labelled:- Portcaesar a roman fort!
county	The county boundary is a fine dotted line; the county areas are labelled, eg;- PART OF HAMP SHIRE
settlements	The coast of Hampshire shows:- Christchurch Limmington SOUTHAMPTON Gosport Portsmouth
PLATE 8	Plate 8 includes the coasts from St Helens, Isle of Wight to the Straits of Dover. Plate number 'VIII' is printed top right.
sea area sandbanks	The important sandbank off Selsey Bill is marked by dotting, labelled:- Owers and:- The Horse is marked and labelled off Portsea Island.
settlements	The coast of Hampshire shows:- Portsmouth Havant
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SEA BATTLES
	PROGRESS OF THE ARMADA, PLATE 5
	Plate 5 includes two separate scenes, actions at different times; each has its own compass and wind head. Between the scenes is an angel blowing one trumpet and carrying another, and a cherub recording in a book, seated on clouds.
	Ships are shown leaving Dartmouth, Exmouth, and Lyme, to support of the english fleet.
vignette	Scene 1, 1 August 1588:- The scene shows the two fleets, clearly labelled:- English Fleet Spanish Fleet off Berry Point, Devon, 1 August 1588. The wind is from the west south west. The Spanish are in their crescent battle formation, a mass of great ships; their flag is an X cross. The English, in open array, are chasing from windward; their flag is the cross of St George. Part of the english fleet is still lagging behind, perhaps a result of Drake leaving his station as a marker for the fleet during the night to take a rich prize in the morning, the Rosario. Two english ships are taking the abandoned spanish San Salvador, which is shown smoking after a crippling accidental explosion the day before. She was taken into Weymouth.
vignette	Scene 2, 2 August 1588:- On 2 August 1588 the wind was from the north east in the morning, giving the Spanish the weather gage ie they were upwind of the English, an advantage. The Spanish attacked. The ships in the two forward lines of the two fleets are shown firing at each other - drawn by lines with a cannonballs at the ends coming from the ships. In the lee of Portland bill another group of english ships fire on the spanish north flank. (Pine's drawing does not show the action of spanish galleases attacking the detached Triumph and others as in the Adams charts.) During the day the wind went round to the south west again.
	PROGRESS OF THE ARMADA, PLATE 6
	Plate 6 includes two separate scenes, actions at different times; there is one compass and wind head. To the right is an angel and a cherub with spear and sword?
vignette	Scene 1, 2 August 1588:- The action of 2 August 1588 is continued off Portland. The wind has shifted to south west. The action between Triumph and spanish galleases is still fierce close to Portland Bill; the main battle is now east of Portland.
vignette	Scene 2, 3 August 1588:- The weather was calm, light winds from the south west, by 3 August 1588. The English are formed in four squadrons pursuing the Spanish in their crescent formation, south of the Isle of Wight. The squadrons were commanded by Howard, Drake, Frobisher and Hawkins. The light wind inhibited action. Meanwhile small ships had been sent to shore for munitions (not shown in this scene; nor is an action against the Gran Grifon).
	PROGRESS OF THE ARMADA, PLATE 7
	Plate 7 includes only one scene of action; there is one compass and wind head. To the left is Neptune with his trident, sailing on shells, supported by other figures.
vignette	Scene 1, 4 August 1588:- 4 Augusts 1588, the two fleets are engaged in battle south of the Isle of Wight. The english fleet is in four squadrons; some ships are being towed towards the spanish fleet by rowing boats - the south west wind was so light. Some of the english ships are shown broadside on to fire their cannon. (The drawing fails to show ships in the south wing of the spanish fleet turning towards the attack there by Drake, which is clearly shown on the Adams chart.) Drake's attack on the seaward hoped to drive the Spanish north onto the Ower Banks, but this did not work. The Spanish disengaged. The encounter was indecisive; both sides used a lot of ammunition to little effect.
	PROGRESS OF THE ARMADA, PLATE 8
	Plate 8 includes two scenes of action; there is one compass rose and wind head. Towards the right is an angel holding a shield with the Cross of St George, and two warlike cherubs blowing a trumpet and playing side drums.
	All along the coast are ships emerging from harbours to support the english fleet, from; Portsmouth, Arundel, Shoreham, Lewis, Pevensey, Rye.
vignette	Scene 1, 5-6 August 1588:- From 5-6 August 1588 the two fleets trailed eastwards along the channel towards the Straits of Dover. The Spanish in their battle crescent are pursued by the English in four squadrons. The Spanish were hurrying to their rendezvous to support the invasion by the Duke of Parma across the channel. They were still on course and undeterred by the English.
vignette	Scene 2, 6 August 1588:- By 6 August the Spanish had anchored off Calais and decided to wait in this exposed spot for the invasion force of Parma - who was not ready. If they advanced to a safer anchorage they would have been unable to beat to windward to support Parma's crossing later. The English are anchored off Calais Cliffs. Seymour's squadron is shown sailing from his protective patrol off Kent, called by Lord Admiral Howard to his support. A council of war that day planned an attack by fireships ...
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REFERENCES
	: 1919: Lord Howard of Effingham and the Spanish Armada with exact facsimiles of the Tables of Augustine Ryther, AD1590, and the Engravings of the Hangings in the House of Lords by John Pine, AD1739, ...: Roxborough Club : 1988: Armada 1588-1988: Penguin Books & National Maritime Museum:: ISBN 0 14 010301 5; has reproductions of all the Adams/Ryther charts and the tapestry designs. Martin, Colin & Parker, Geoffrey: 1988: Spanish Armada, The: Hamilton, Hamish:: ISBN 0 241 12125 6 Pine, John: 1739: Tapestry Hangings of the House of Lords: (London) Ryther, Augustine: 1590: Discourse concerning the Spanishe fleete invadinge Englande in the year 1588 ...: (London) Schrire, David: Adam's and Pine's Maps of the Spanish Armada: Map Collector's Circle Ubaldini, Petruccio: 1588=1590: Expeditionis Hispanorum in Angliam vera Descriptio Anno Do MDLXXXVIII
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ITEMS	in HMCMS Map Collection (scanned item in bold)
	HMCMS:FA1999.61 -- chart
	HMCMS:FA1999.62 -- chart
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	All Old Hampshire Mapped Resources